formatting

[lambda.git] / how_to_get_the_programming_languages_running_on_your_computer.mdwn

diff --git a/how_to_get_the_programming_languages_running_on_your_computer.mdwn b/how_to_get_the_programming_languages_running_on_your_computer.mdwn
index 04c762e..5f4c9f5 100644 (file)
--- a/how_to_get_the_programming_languages_running_on_your_computer.mdwn
+++ b/how_to_get_the_programming_languages_running_on_your_computer.mdwn
@@ -14,66 +14,67 @@ running. (Under the Apple Menu, select "About this Mac".)
 
 If you're running **iOS**, you probably can't use this software on that machine. (A bit more below.)
 
 
 If you're running **iOS**, you probably can't use this software on that machine. (A bit more below.)
 

-Furthermore, you'll be in one of two subgroups:
-
-*      You'll have Apple's Xcode and the independent MacPorts system
-       installed. (Probably you don't. If you don't know what I'm talking about, you don't have these.)
-
-       If you don't have these, but want to try this route, you can read about
-       the MacPorts system at <http://www.macports.org/>.
-       This automates the building of Unix-type software on your Mac; it
-       makes it a lot easier to check for dependencies, use more-recent
-       versions of things, and so on. (Though as it happens, MacPorts only has an older version of
-       our chosen implementation of Scheme.)
-
-       There are also other package management systems available for the Mac, notably Homebrew and Fink. I only know a little bit about them.
-
-       Xcode is available at
-       <http://developer.apple.com/technologies/tools/xcode.html>. Some
-       versions of this have been available for free, though you do have to
-       register with Apple as an "Apple Developer", which involves accepting a
-       legal agreement with Apple. I have an older version of this installed.
-       If you download a recent version, email me and let me know how the
-       process works so I can tell others. There are instructions about how to
-       get Xcode in the MacPorts installation guide.
-       <!--
-       The latest version of Xcode to work with Leopard is 3.14; more
-       recent versions (>= 3.2) require Snow Leopard. 3.2.6 is last version that can be downloaded for free by users of 10.6 / Snow Leopard. (But if they pay, they can use up to Xcode 4.2.)
-       Xcode 4.1 was free to all users of 10.7 / Lion. Is Xcode 4.6.x still available for free? Are Xcode 5.x and/or 6.x available for free?
-       -->
-
-*      Or you won't have those installed. (**Most Mac users will be in this group.**)
-       Then you'll need pre-packaged (and usually pretty GUI) installers for
-       everything. These are great when they're available and kept up-to-date;
-       however sometimes those conditions aren't met.
+Furthermore, Mac users will be in one of two subgroups:
+
+*   You'll have Apple's Xcode and the independent MacPorts system
+    installed. (Probably you don't. If you don't know what I'm talking about, you don't have these.)
+    If you don't have these, but want to try this route, you can read about
+    the MacPorts system at <http://www.macports.org/>.
+    This automates the building of Unix-type software on your Mac; it
+    makes it a lot easier to check for dependencies, use more-recent
+    versions of things, and so on. (Though as it happens, MacPorts only has an older version of
+    our chosen implementation of Scheme.)
+
+    There are also other package management systems available for the Mac, notably Homebrew and Fink. I only know a little bit about them.
+
+    Xcode is available at
+    <http://developer.apple.com/technologies/tools/xcode.html>. Some
+    versions of this have been available for free, though you do have to
+    register with Apple as an "Apple Developer", which involves accepting a
+    legal agreement with Apple. I have an older version of this installed.
+    If you download a recent version, email me and let me know how the
+    process works so I can tell others. There are instructions about how to
+    get Xcode in the MacPorts installation guide.
+    <!--
+    The latest version of Xcode to work with Leopard is 3.14; more recent versions (>= 3.2) require Snow Leopard.
+    3.2.6 is last version that can be downloaded for free by users of 10.6 / Snow Leopard. (But if they pay, they can use up to Xcode 4.2.)
+    Xcode 4.1 was free to all users of 10.7 / Lion. Is Xcode 4.6.x still available for free? Are Xcode 5.x and/or 6.x available for free?
+    -->
+
+*   Or you won't have those installed. (**Most Mac users will be in this group.**)
+    Then you'll need pre-packaged (and usually pretty GUI) installers for
+    everything. These are great when they're available and kept up-to-date;
+    however sometimes those conditions aren't met.

 
 
 
 If you're using **Windows**, you'll be in one of two subgroups:
 
 
 
 
 If you're using **Windows**, you'll be in one of two subgroups:
 

-*      You'll have the Cygwin system
-       <http://www.cygwin.com/> installed.
-       This puts a Unix-like layer on top of your Windows system,
-       and makes it easier for you to use the same software everybody
-       else will be using, without its needing as much special-for-Windows
-       treatment. However, many of you won't have this installed.
+*   You'll have the Cygwin system
+    <http://www.cygwin.com/> installed.
+    This puts a Unix-like layer on top of your Windows system,
+    and makes it easier for you to use the same software everybody
+    else will be using, without its needing as much special-for-Windows
+    treatment. However, many of you won't have this installed.
+
+*   You won't have Cygwin installed. (**Most Windows users will be in this group.**)
+    You might in theory have a different group of compilers installed
+    (MinGW, or Microsoft Visual C++) but we'll assume that the overwhelming
+    majority of users in this group don't have access to a compiler and
+    need pre-packaged installers for everything.

 
 

-*      You won't have Cygwin installed. You might in theory have
-       a different group of compilers installed (MinGW, or Microsoft Visual C++) but
-       we'll assume that the overwhelming majority of users in this group
-       don't have access to a compiler and need pre-packaged installers
-       for everything.

 
 If you're using **Linux**, you could be using any one of numerous packaging
 systems.
 
 
 If you're using **Linux**, you could be using any one of numerous packaging
 systems.
 

-*      We'll give examples using the packaging system shared by Debian and Ubuntu,
-       and we'll assume that those of you using different packaging systems will know
-       how to make the relevant substitutions. You may also want to take note of the
-       output of the "uname -srm" command. On my machine this tells me "Linux
-       3.12.8-extrastuff x86\_64". That tells me I'm running the x86\_64 (as opposed to the
-       i686 or i386 or whatever) version of Linux, and that I'm running kernel
-       version 3.12.8.
+*   We'll give examples using the packaging system shared by Debian and Ubuntu,
+    and we'll assume that those of you using different packaging systems will know
+    how to make the relevant substitutions. You may also want to take note of the
+    output of the "uname -srm" command. On my machine this tells me "Linux
+    3.12.8-extrastuff x86\_64". That tells me I'm running the x86\_64 (as opposed to the
+    i686 or i386 or whatever) version of Linux, and that I'm running kernel
+    version 3.12.8.
+

 
 **For all of these groups**, a general item to take note of is what "processor architecture" your machine is running. Three of the possibilities are:
 
 
 **For all of these groups**, a general item to take note of is what "processor architecture" your machine is running. Three of the possibilities are:
 


@@ -133,58 +134,58 @@ Racket has several components. The two most visible components for us are a comm
 
 The current version of Racket is 6.1.1 (released November 2014).
 
 
 The current version of Racket is 6.1.1 (released November 2014).
 

-*      In your web browser:
+*   In your web browser:

 
 

-       There is a (slow, bare-bones) version of Scheme available for online use at <http://tryscheme.sourceforge.net/>.
+    There is a (slow, bare-bones) version of Scheme available for online use at <http://tryscheme.sourceforge.net/>.

 
 

-*      **To install in Windows**
+*   **To install in Windows**

 
 

-       Go to <http://racket-lang.org/download/>. Download and install the "Windows x64" version. (Or the "Windows x86" verson if you have an older, 32-bit system.)
+    Go to <http://racket-lang.org/download/>. Download and install the "Windows x64" version. (Or the "Windows x86" verson if you have an older, 32-bit system.)

 
 

-*      **To install on Mac without MacPorts**
+*   **To install on Mac without MacPorts**

 
 

-       Go to <http://racket-lang.org/download/>. Download and install the option for your system, most likely "Macintosh
-       OS X (Intel 64-bit)".
+    Go to <http://racket-lang.org/download/>. Download and install the option for your system, most likely "Macintosh
+    OS X (Intel 64-bit)".

 
 

-*      **To install on Mac with MacPorts**
+*   **To install on Mac with MacPorts**

 
 

-       Unfortunately, MacPorts doesn't have Racket itself available. It only has an older version from when they still called
-       themselves PLT Scheme. And even then, it only has the command-line program "mzscheme" (what's nowadays called "racket"); it
-       doesn't have the GUI program that corresponds to what's now called "DrRacket". You can install mzscheme by opening a Terminal
-       window and typing:
+    Unfortunately, MacPorts doesn't have Racket itself available. It only has an older version from when they still called
+    themselves PLT Scheme. And even then, it only has the command-line program "mzscheme" (what's nowadays called "racket"); it
+    doesn't have the GUI program that corresponds to what's now called "DrRacket". You can install mzscheme by opening a Terminal
+    window and typing:

 
 

-                sudo port install mzscheme
+         sudo port install mzscheme

 
 

-       If you want the GUI components, I think you'll need to use the
-       "Mac/without MacPorts" installation options above.
+    If you want the GUI components, I think you'll need to use the
+    "Mac/without MacPorts" installation options above.

 
 

-       I recommend also typing:
+    I recommend also typing:

 
 

-               sudo port install rlwrap
+        sudo port install rlwrap

 
 

-       then if you ever use the command-line program `mzscheme` (or `racket`), you should start it by typing `rlwrap mzscheme`. This gives
-       you a nice history of the commands you've already typed, which you can scroll up and down in with your
-       keyboard arrows.
+    then if you ever use the command-line program `mzscheme` (or `racket`), you should start it by typing `rlwrap mzscheme`. This gives
+    you a nice history of the commands you've already typed, which you can scroll up and down in with your
+    keyboard arrows.

 
 

-*      **To install on Linux**
+*   **To install on Linux**

 
 

-       Use your packaging system, for example, open a Terminal and
-       type:
+    Use your packaging system, for example, open a Terminal and
+    type:

 
 

-                sudo apt-get install racket
+         sudo apt-get install racket

 
 

-       It's very likely that your packaging system has some version of
-       Racket available, so look for it. However, if you can't find it you
-       can also install a pre-packaged binary from the Racket website at <http://racket-lang.org/download/>.
-       Choose the option for your version of Linux (Ubuntu and Debian are available).
+    It's very likely that your packaging system has some version of
+    Racket available, so look for it. However, if you can't find it you
+    can also install a pre-packaged binary from the Racket website at <http://racket-lang.org/download/>.
+    Choose the option for your version of Linux (Ubuntu and Debian are available).

 
 

-       As above, I recommend you also type:
+    As above, I recommend you also type:

 
 

-               sudo apt-get rlwrap
+        sudo apt-get rlwrap

 
 

-       then if you ever use the command-line program `mzscheme` (or `racket`), you should start it by typing `rlwrap mzscheme`. This gives
-       you a nice history of the commands you've already typed, which you can scroll up and down in with your
-       keyboard arrows.
+    then if you ever use the command-line program `mzscheme` (or `racket`), you should start it by typing `rlwrap mzscheme`. This gives
+    you a nice history of the commands you've already typed, which you can scroll up and down in with your
+    keyboard arrows.

 
 
 ## Getting OCaml ##
 
 
 ## Getting OCaml ##


@@ -205,89 +206,89 @@ The current version of OCaml is 4.02.1 (released October 2014).
 
 Another instruction page focuses on [OPAM](http://ocaml.org/docs/install.html), also [this](https://opam.ocaml.org).
 
 
 Another instruction page focuses on [OPAM](http://ocaml.org/docs/install.html), also [this](https://opam.ocaml.org).
 

-*      In your web browser:
+*   In your web browser:

 
 

-       There is a (slow, bare-bones) version of OCaml available for online use at <http://try.ocamlpro.com/>.
+    There is a (slow, bare-bones) version of OCaml available for online use at <http://try.ocamlpro.com/>.

 
 

-*      **To install in Windows**
+*   **To install in Windows**

 
 

-       Go to <http://caml.inria.fr/download.en.html>.
-       You can probably download and install the
-       "Self installer for the port based on the MinGW toolchain"
-       even if you don't know what MinGW or Cygwin are.
-       Some features of this require Cygwin, but it looks like
-       it should mostly work even for users without Cygwin.
-       At the time of this writing, only an installer for the previous
-       version of OCaml (3.11.0, from January 2010) is available.
+    Go to <http://caml.inria.fr/download.en.html>.
+    You can probably download and install the
+    "Self installer for the port based on the MinGW toolchain"
+    even if you don't know what MinGW or Cygwin are.
+    Some features of this require Cygwin, but it looks like
+    it should mostly work even for users without Cygwin.
+    At the time of this writing, only an installer for the previous
+    version of OCaml (3.11.0, from January 2010) is available.

 
 

-       To install the Findlib add-on, you must have the
-       Cygwin system installed. We assume few of you do,
-       so we're not going to try to explain how to do this.
-       If you want to figure it out yourself, go to the
-       Findlib website at <http://projects.camlcity.org/projects/findlib.html>.
+    To install the Findlib add-on, you must have the
+    Cygwin system installed. We assume few of you do,
+    so we're not going to try to explain how to do this.
+    If you want to figure it out yourself, go to the
+    Findlib website at <http://projects.camlcity.org/projects/findlib.html>.

 
 

-*      **To install on Mac without MacPorts**
+*   **To install on Mac without MacPorts**

 
 

-       To install OCaml 3.12 (just released this summer), go to
-       <http://caml.inria.fr/download.en.html>
-       and download and install the "Binary distribution for Mac OS X"
+    To install OCaml 3.12 (just released this summer), go to
+    <http://caml.inria.fr/download.en.html>
+    and download and install the "Binary distribution for Mac OS X"

 
 

-       To install the Findlib add-on, you'll need the Xcode development tools
-       to compile it yourself. Once you get that far, it's probably easiest
-       for you to install MacPorts and just install things using the MacPorts
-       instructions. (Use the MacPorts version of OCaml, instead of installing
-       the package from the caml.inria.fr website, as described above)
-       However, if you do have Xcode, and want to do without MacPorts, then
-       what you need to do is download Findlib from
-       <http://download.camlcity.org/download/findlib-1.2.6.tar.gz>.
-       Unpack the download, open a Terminal and go into the folder you just
-       unpacked, and type:
+    To install the Findlib add-on, you'll need the Xcode development tools
+    to compile it yourself. Once you get that far, it's probably easiest
+    for you to install MacPorts and just install things using the MacPorts
+    instructions. (Use the MacPorts version of OCaml, instead of installing
+    the package from the caml.inria.fr website, as described above)
+    However, if you do have Xcode, and want to do without MacPorts, then
+    what you need to do is download Findlib from
+    <http://download.camlcity.org/download/findlib-1.2.6.tar.gz>.
+    Unpack the download, open a Terminal and go into the folder you just
+    unpacked, and type:

 
 

-               ./configure
-               make package-macosx
+        ./configure
+        make package-macosx

 
 

-       This will build an installer package which you should be able to
-       double-click and install.
+    This will build an installer package which you should be able to
+    double-click and install.

 
 

-*      **To install on Mac with MacPorts**
+*   **To install on Mac with MacPorts**

 
 

-       You can install the previous version of OCaml (3.11.2,
-       from January 2010), together with the Findlib add-on, by opening a Terminal
-       and typing:
+    You can install the previous version of OCaml (3.11.2,
+    from January 2010), together with the Findlib add-on, by opening a Terminal
+    and typing:

 
 

-               sudo port install ocaml caml-findlib
+        sudo port install ocaml caml-findlib

 
 

-       As with Scheme, it's helpful to also have rlwrap installed, and to start OCaml as `rlwrap ocaml`. This gives
-       you a nice history of the commands you've already typed, which you can scroll up and down in with your
-       keyboard arrows.
+    As with Scheme, it's helpful to also have rlwrap installed, and to start OCaml as `rlwrap ocaml`. This gives
+    you a nice history of the commands you've already typed, which you can scroll up and down in with your
+    keyboard arrows.

 
 

-*      [More details about installing OCaml on Macs, if needed](http://cocan.org/getting_started_with_ocaml_on_mac_os_x)
+*   [More details about installing OCaml on Macs, if needed](http://cocan.org/getting_started_with_ocaml_on_mac_os_x)

 
 

-*      **To install on Linux**
+*   **To install on Linux**

 
 

-       Use your packaging system, for example, open a Terminal and
-       type:
+    Use your packaging system, for example, open a Terminal and
+    type:

 
 

-               sudo apt-get install ocaml ocaml-findlib
+        sudo apt-get install ocaml ocaml-findlib

 
 

-       That will install a version of OCaml and the Findlib add-on.
+    That will install a version of OCaml and the Findlib add-on.

 
 

-       If for some reason you can't get OCaml through your
-       packaging system, you can go to
-       <http://caml.inria.fr/download.en.html>.
-       Pre-packaged binary installers are available for several Linux systems.
+    If for some reason you can't get OCaml through your
+    packaging system, you can go to
+    <http://caml.inria.fr/download.en.html>.
+    Pre-packaged binary installers are available for several Linux systems.

 
 

-       If you can't get findlib through your packaging system, you'll
-       need to download it from
-       <http://download.camlcity.org/download/findlib-1.2.6.tar.gz>.
-       and use gcc to compile it yourself. If you don't know how to
-       do that, you probably don't want to attempt this.
-       Here are the INSTALL notes:
-       <https://godirepo.camlcity.org/svn/lib-findlib/trunk/INSTALL>.
+    If you can't get findlib through your packaging system, you'll
+    need to download it from
+    <http://download.camlcity.org/download/findlib-1.2.6.tar.gz>.
+    and use gcc to compile it yourself. If you don't know how to
+    do that, you probably don't want to attempt this.
+    Here are the INSTALL notes:
+    <https://godirepo.camlcity.org/svn/lib-findlib/trunk/INSTALL>.

 
 

-       As with Scheme, it's helpful to also have rlwrap installed, and to start OCaml as `rlwrap ocaml`. This gives
-       you a nice history of the commands you've already typed, which you can scroll up and down in with your
-       keyboard arrows.
+    As with Scheme, it's helpful to also have rlwrap installed, and to start OCaml as `rlwrap ocaml`. This gives
+    you a nice history of the commands you've already typed, which you can scroll up and down in with your
+    keyboard arrows.

 
 
 ## Getting Haskell ##
 
 
 ## Getting Haskell ##


@@ -306,9 +307,9 @@ other. But these languages also have *a lot* in common, and if you're
 familiar with one of them, it's generally not hard to move between it and the
 other.
 
 familiar with one of them, it's generally not hard to move between it and the
 other.
 

-*      In your web browser:
+*   In your web browser:

 
 

-       There is a (slow, bare-bones) version of Haskell available for online use at <http://tryhaskell.org/>.
+    There is a (slow, bare-bones) version of Haskell available for online use at <http://tryhaskell.org/>.

 
 sudo apk-get install haskell-platform
 
 
 sudo apk-get install haskell-platform