-In the meantime, we'll look at several linguistic applications for monads, based
-on
-
-what's called the *reader monad*.
-...
-intensional function application. In Shan (2001) [Monads for natural
-language semantics](http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0205026v1), Ken shows that
-making expressions sensitive to the world of evaluation is
-conceptually the same thing as making use of a *reader monad* (which
-we'll see again soon). This technique was beautifully re-invented
-by Ben-Avi and Winter (2007) in their paper [A modular
-approach to
+
+In the meantime, we'll look at several linguistic applications for
+monads, based on what's called the *reader monad*, starting with
+intensional function application.
+
+First, the familiar linguistic problem:
+
+ Bill left.
+ Cam left.
+ Ann believes [Bill left].
+ Ann believes [Cam left].
+
+We want an analysis on which all four of these sentences can be true
+simultaneously. If sentences denoted simple truth values or booleans,
+we have a problem: if the sentences *Bill left* and *Cam left* are
+both true, they denote the same object, and Ann's beliefs can't
+distinguish between them.
+
+In Shan (2001) [Monads for natural language
+semantics](http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0205026v1), Ken shows that making
+expressions sensitive to the world of evaluation is conceptually the
+same thing as making use of a *reader monad*. This technique was
+beautifully re-invented by Ben-Avi and Winter (2007) in their paper [A
+modular approach to