From e56ba2579b115d5061d06d129b5e4ca90914983c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Barker <barker@kappa.(none)>
Date: Fri, 1 Oct 2010 20:33:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] edits

---
 temp.mdwn | 206 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 131 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temp.mdwn b/temp.mdwn
index 585e666c..e91eeee5 100644
--- a/temp.mdwn
+++ b/temp.mdwn
@@ -1,78 +1,134 @@
-<textarea id="INPUT" style="border: 2px solid black; color: black; font-family: monospace; height: 3in; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;">
+Assignment 3
+------------
+
+Once again, the lambda evaluator will make working through this
+assignment much faster and more secure.
+
+#Writing recursive functions on version 1 style lists#
+
+Recall that version 1 style lists are constructed like this (see
+[[lists and numbers]]):
+
+<pre>
+; booleans
 let true = \x y. x in
 let false = \x y. y in
-let and = \l r. l r false in
-(
-	(and true true yes no)
-	(and true false yes no)
-	(and false true yes no)
-	(and false false yes no)
-)
-</textarea>
-<input id="PARSE" value="Normalize" type="button">
-<input id="ETA" type="checkbox">do eta-reductions too
-<noscript><p>You may not see it because you have JavaScript turned off. Uffff!</p></noscript>
-<script src="/code/lambda.js"></script>
-<script src="/code/tokens.js"></script>
-<script src="/code/parse.js"></script>
-<script src="/code/json2.js"></script>
-<pre id="OUTPUT">
+let and = \l r. l (r true false) false in
+
+; version 1 lists
+let makePair = \f s g. g f s in
+let fst = true in
+let snd = false in
+let nil = makePair true meh in
+let isNil = \x. x fst in
+let makeList = \h t. makePair false (makePair h t) in
+let head = \l. isNil l err (l snd fst) in
+let tail = \l. isNil l err (l snd snd) in
+
+; a list of numbers to experiment on
+let mylist = makeList 1 (makeList 2 (makeList 3 nil)) in
+
+; a fixed-point combinator for defining recursive functions 
+let Y = \f. (\h. f (h h)) (\h. f (h h)) in
+
+; church numerals
+let isZero = \n. n (\x. false) true in
+let succ = \n s z. s (n s z) in
+let mult = \m n s. m (n s) in
+let length = Y (\length l. isNil l 0 (succ (length (tail l)))) in
+let pred = \n. isZero n 0 (length (tail (n (\p. makeList meh p) nil))) in
+let leq = \m n. isZero(n pred m) in
+let eq = \m n. and (leq m n)(leq n m) in
+
+eq 2 2 yes no
+</pre>
+
+
+Then `length mylist` evaluates to 3.
+
+1. What does `head (tail (tail mylist))` evaluate to?
+
+2. Using the `length` function as a model, and using the predecessor
+function, write a function that computes factorials.  (Recall that n!,
+the factorial of n, is n times the factorial of n-1.)
+
+Warning: my browser isn't able to compute factorials of numbers
+greater than 2 (it does't provide enough resources for the JavaScript
+interpreter; web pages are not supposed to be that computationally
+intensive).
+
+3. (Easy) Write a function `listLenEq` that returns true just in case two lists have the
+same length.  That is,
+
+     listLenEq mylist (makeList meh (makeList meh (makeList meh nil))) ~~> true
+
+     listLenEq mylist (makeList meh (makeList meh nil))) ~~> false
+
+
+4. (Still easy) Now write the same function, but don't use the length function.
+
+5. In assignment 2, we discovered that version 3-type lists (the ones that
+work like Church numerals) made it much easier to define operations
+like `map` and `filter`.  But now that we have recursion in our toolbox,
+reasonable map and filter functions for version 1 lists are within our
+reach.  Give definitions for `map` and a `filter` for verson 1 type lists.
+
+#Computing with trees#
+
+Linguists analyze natural language expressions into trees.  
+We'll need trees in future weeks, and tree structures provide good
+opportunities for learning how to write recursive functions.
+Making use of the resources we have at the moment, we can approximate
+trees as follows: instead of words, we'll use Church numerals.
+Then a tree will be a (version 1 type) list in which each element is
+itself a tree.  For simplicity, we'll adopt the convention that 
+a tree of length 1 must contain a number as its only element.  
+Then we have the following representations:
+
+<pre>
+   (a)           (b)             (c)  
+    .
+   /|\            /\              /\
+  / | \          /\ 3            1 /\
+  1 2  3        1  2               2 3
+
+[[1];[2];[3]]  [[[1];[2]];[3]]   [[1];[[2];[3]]]
 </pre>
-<script>
-/*jslint evil: true */
-
-/*members create, error, message, name, prototype, stringify, toSource,
-    toString, write
-*/
-
-/*global JSON, make_parse, parse, source, tree */
-
-// Make a new object that inherits members from an existing object.
-
-if (typeof Object.create !== 'function') {
-    Object.create = function (o) {
-        function F() {}
-        F.prototype = o;
-        return new F();
-    };
-}
-
-// Transform a token object into an exception object and throw it.
-
-Object.prototype.error = function (message, t) {
-    t = t || this;
-    t.name = "SyntaxError";
-    t.message = message;
-    throw t;
-};
-
-
-(function () {
-    var parse = make_parse();
-
-    function go(source) {
-        var string, tree, expr, eta;
-        try {
-            tree = parse(source);
- //           string = JSON.stringify(tree, ['key', 'name', 'message', 'value', 'arity', 'first', 'second', 'third', 'fourth'], 4);
-			expr = tree.handler();
-            // string = JSON.stringify(expr, ['key', 'name', 'message', 'value', 'arity', 'first', 'second', 'tag', 'variable', 'left', 'right', 'bound', 'body' ], 4);
-//			string = expr.to_string() + "\n\n~~>\n\n";
-			string = '';
-			eta = document.getElementById('ETA').checked;
-			string = string + reduce(expr, eta, false).to_string();
-        } catch (e) {
-            string = JSON.stringify(e, ['name', 'message', 'from', 'to', 'key',
-                    'value', 'arity', 'first', 'second', 'third', 'fourth'], 4);
-        }
-        document.getElementById('OUTPUT').innerHTML = string
-            .replace(/&/g, '&amp;')
-            .replace(/[<]/g, '&lt;');
-    }
-
-    document.getElementById('PARSE').onclick = function (e) {
-        go(document.getElementById('INPUT').value);
-    };
-}());
-
-</script>
+
+Limitations of this scheme include the following: there is no easy way
+to label a constituent with a syntactic category (S or NP or VP,
+etc.), and there is no way to represent a tree in which a mother has a
+single daughter.
+
+When processing a tree, you can test for whether the tree contains
+only a numeral (in which case the tree is leaf node) by testing for
+whether the length of the list is less than or equal to 1.  This will
+be your base case for your recursive functions that operate on these
+trees.
+
+1.    Write a function that sums the number of leaves in a tree.
+
+Expected behavior:
+
+<pre>
+let t1 = (makeList 1 nil) in
+let t2 = (makeList 2 nil) in
+let t3 = (makeList 3 nil) in
+let t12 = (makeList t1 (makeList t2 nil)) in
+let t23 = (makeList t2 (makeList t3 nil)) in
+let ta = (makeList t1 t23) in
+let tb = (makeList t12 t3) in
+let tc = (makeList t1 (makeList t23 nil)) in
+
+sum-leaves t1 ~~> 1
+sum-leaves t2 ~~> 2
+sum-leaves t3 ~~> 3
+sum-leaves t12 ~~> 3
+sum-leaves t23 ~~> 5
+sum-leaves ta ~~> 6
+sum-leaves tb ~~> 6
+sum-leaves tc ~~> 6
+</pre>
+
+2.   Write a function that counts the number of leaves.
+
-- 
2.11.0