+The tree monad
+--------------
+
+Of course, by now you may have realized that we have discovered a new
+monad, the tree monad:
+
+<pre>
+type 'a tree = Leaf of 'a | Node of ('a tree) * ('a tree);;
+let tree_unit (x:'a) = Leaf x;;
+let rec tree_bind (u:'a tree) (f:'a -> 'b tree):'b tree =
+ match u with Leaf x -> f x | Node (l, r) -> Node ((tree_bind l f),
+ (tree_bind r f));;
+</pre>
+
+For once, let's check the Monad laws. The left identity law is easy:
+
+ Left identity: bind (unit a) f = bind (Leaf a) f = fa
+
+To check the other two laws, we need to make the following
+observation: it is easy to prove based on tree_bind by a simple
+induction on the structure of the first argument that the tree
+resulting from `bind u f` is a tree with the same strucure as `u`,
+except that each leaf `a` has been replaced with `fa`:
+
+\tree (. (fa1) (. (. (. (fa2)(fa3)) (fa4)) (fa5)))
+<pre>
+ . .
+ __|__ __|__
+ | | | |
+ a1 . fa1 .
+ _|__ __|__
+ | | | |
+ . a5 . fa5
+ bind _|__ f = __|__
+ | | | |
+ . a4 . fa4
+ __|__ __|___
+ | | | |
+ a2 a3 fa2 fa3
+</pre>
+
+Given this equivalence, the right identity law
+
+ Right identity: bind u unit = u
+
+falls out once we realize that
+
+ bind (Leaf a) unit = unit a = Leaf a
+
+As for the associative law,
+
+ Associativity: bind (bind u f) g = bind u (\a. bind (fa) g)
+
+we'll give an example that will show how an inductive proof would
+have to proceed. Let `f a = Node (Leaf a, Leaf a)`. Then
+
+\tree (. (. (. (. (a1)(a2)))))
+\tree (. (. (. (. (a1) (a1)) (. (a1) (a1))) ))
+<pre>
+ .
+ ____|____
+ . . | |
+bind __|__ f = __|_ = . .
+ | | | | __|__ __|__
+ a1 a2 fa1 fa2 | | | |
+ a1 a1 a1 a1
+</pre>
+
+Now when we bind this tree to `g`, we get
+
+<pre>
+ .
+ ____|____
+ | |
+ . .
+ __|__ __|__
+ | | | |
+ ga1 ga1 ga1 ga1
+</pre>
+
+At this point, it should be easy to convince yourself that
+using the recipe on the right hand side of the associative law will
+built the exact same final tree.
+
+So binary trees are a monad.
+
+Haskell combines this monad with the Option monad to provide a monad
+called a
+[SearchTree](http://hackage.haskell.org/packages/archive/tree-monad/0.2.1/doc/html/src/Control-Monad-SearchTree.html#SearchTree)
+that is intended to
+represent non-deterministic computations as a tree.