include BaseT
let distribute f t = mapT (fun a -> elevate (f a)) t zero plus
end
-end
-
-
-module L = List_monad;;
-module R = Reader_monad(struct type env = int -> int end);;
-module S = State_monad(struct type store = int end);;
-module T = Tree_monad;;
-module LR = L.T(R);;
-module LS = L.T(S);;
-module TL = T.T(L);;
-module TR = T.T(R);;
-module TS = T.T(S);;
-module C = Continuation_monad
-module TC = T.T(C);;
-
-
-print_endline "=== test TreeT(...).distribute ==================";;
-
-let t1 = Some (T.Node (T.Node (T.Leaf 2, T.Leaf 3), T.Node (T.Leaf 5, T.Node (T.Leaf 7, T.Leaf 11))));;
-
-let ts = TS.distribute (fun i -> S.(puts succ >> unit i)) t1;;
-TS.run ts 0;;
-(*
-- : int T.tree option * S.store =
-(Some
- (T.Node
- (T.Node (T.Leaf 2, T.Leaf 3),
- T.Node (T.Leaf 5, T.Node (T.Leaf 7, T.Leaf 11)))),
- 5)
-*)
-
-let ts2 = TS.distribute (fun i -> S.(puts succ >> get >>= fun n -> unit (i,n))) t1;;
-TS.run_exn ts2 0;;
-(*
-- : (int * S.store) T.tree option * S.store =
-(Some
- (T.Node
- (T.Node (T.Leaf (2, 1), T.Leaf (3, 2)),
- T.Node (T.Leaf (5, 3), T.Node (T.Leaf (7, 4), T.Leaf (11, 5))))),
- 5)
-*)
-
-let tr = TR.distribute (fun i -> R.asks (fun e -> e i)) t1;;
-TR.run_exn tr (fun i -> i+i);;
-(*
-- : int T.tree option =
-Some
- (T.Node
- (T.Node (T.Leaf 4, T.Leaf 6),
- T.Node (T.Leaf 10, T.Node (T.Leaf 14, T.Leaf 22))))
-*)
+end;;
-let tl = TL.distribute (fun i -> L.(unit (i,i+1))) t1;;
-TL.run_exn tl;;
-(*
-- : (int * int) TL.result =
-[Some
- (T.Node
- (T.Node (T.Leaf (2, 3), T.Leaf (3, 4)),
- T.Node (T.Leaf (5, 6), T.Node (T.Leaf (7, 8), T.Leaf (11, 12)))))]
-*)
-let l2 = [1;2;3;4;5];;
-let t2 = Some (T.Node (T.Leaf 1, (T.Node (T.Node (T.Node (T.Leaf 2, T.Leaf 3), T.Leaf 4), T.Leaf 5))));;
-LR.(run (distribute (fun i -> R.(asks (fun e -> e i))) l2 >>= fun j -> LR.(plus (unit j) (unit (succ j))))) (fun i -> i*10);;
-(* int list = [10; 11; 20; 21; 30; 31; 40; 41; 50; 51] *)
+module C = Continuation_monad;;
-TR.(run_exn (distribute (fun i -> R.(asks (fun e -> e i))) t2 >>= fun j -> TR.(plus (unit j) (unit (succ j))))) (fun i -> i*10);;
-(*
-int T.tree option =
-Some
- (T.Node
- (T.Node (T.Leaf 10, T.Leaf 11),
- T.Node
- (T.Node
- (T.Node (T.Node (T.Leaf 20, T.Leaf 21), T.Node (T.Leaf 30, T.Leaf 31)),
- T.Node (T.Leaf 40, T.Leaf 41)),
- T.Node (T.Leaf 50, T.Leaf 51))))
- *)
-
-LS.run (LS.distribute (fun i -> if i = -1 then S.get else if i < 0 then S.(puts succ >> unit 0) else S.unit i) [10;-1;-2;-1;20]) 0;;
-(*
-- : S.store list * S.store = ([10; 0; 0; 1; 20], 1)
-*)
print_endline "=== test TreeT(Continuation).distribute ==================";;
((111,0), (0,0));;
(example ~+10, example ~-10);;
-let testc df ic =
- C.run_exn TC.(run (distribute df t1)) ic;;
-
-
-(*
-(* do nothing *)
-let initial_continuation = fun t -> t in
-TreeCont.monadize t1 Continuation_monad.unit initial_continuation;;
-*)
-testc (C.unit) id;;
-
-(*
-(* count leaves, using continuation *)
-let initial_continuation = fun t -> 0 in
-TreeCont.monadize t1 (fun a k -> 1 + k a) initial_continuation;;
-*)
-
-testc C.(fun a -> shift (fun k -> k a >>= fun v -> unit (1 + v))) (fun t -> 0);;
-
-(*
-(* convert tree to list of leaves *)
-let initial_continuation = fun t -> [] in
-TreeCont.monadize t1 (fun a k -> a :: k a) initial_continuation;;
-*)
-
-testc C.(fun a -> shift (fun k -> k a >>= fun v -> unit (a::v))) (fun t -> ([] : int list));;
-
-(*
-(* square each leaf using continuation *)
-let initial_continuation = fun t -> t in
-TreeCont.monadize t1 (fun a k -> k (a*a)) initial_continuation;;
-*)
-
-testc C.(fun a -> shift (fun k -> k (a*a))) (fun t -> t);;
-
-
-(*
-(* replace leaves with list, using continuation *)
-let initial_continuation = fun t -> t in
-TreeCont.monadize t1 (fun a k -> k [a; a*a]) initial_continuation;;
-*)
-
-testc C.(fun a -> shift (fun k -> k (a,a+1))) (fun t -> t);;
print_endline "=== pa_monad's Continuation Tests ============";;
How is all this related to our tree\_monadize function?
-------------------------------------------------------
+Our Tree monad has a corresponding TreeT transformer. Simplified, its implementation looks something like this (we apply it to an inner Reader monad):
+
+
+ type 'a tree_reader = 'a tree reader;;
+ (* really it's an 'a tree option reader, but as I said we're simplifying *)
+
+ let tree_reader_unit (a:'a) : 'a tree_reader = reader_unit (Leaf a);;
+
+ let tree_reader_bind (u: 'a tree_reader) (f: 'a -> 'b tree_reader) : 'b tree_reader =
+ reader_bind u (fun us ->
+ let rec loop us = match us with
+ | Leaf a ->
+ f a
+ | Node(l,r) ->
+ reader_bind (loop l) (fun ls ->
+ reader_bind (loop r) (fun rs ->
+ reader_unit (Node(ls, rs))))
+ in loop us);;
+
+ let tree_reader_elevate (w : 'a reader) : 'a tree_reader =
+ reader_bind w (fun a -> reader_unit (Leaf a))
+
Recall our earlier definition of `tree_monadize`, specialized for the Reader monad:
let rec tree_monadize (f : 'a -> 'b reader) (t : 'a tree) : 'b tree reader =
match t with
- | Leaf a -> reader_bind (f a) (fun b -> reader_unit (Leaf b))
- | Node (l, r) -> reader_bind (tree_monadize f l) (fun l' ->
- reader_bind (tree_monadize f r) (fun r' ->
- reader_unit (Node (l', r'))));;
+ | Leaf a ->
+ (* the next line is equivalent to: tree_reader_elevate (f a) *)
+ reader_bind (f a) (fun b -> reader_unit (Leaf b))
+ | Node (l, r) ->
+ reader_bind (tree_monadize f l) (fun l' ->
+ reader_bind (tree_monadize f r) (fun r' ->
+ reader_unit (Node (l', r'))));;
+
+We rendered the result type here as `'b tree reader`, as we did in our earlier discussion, but as we can see from the above implementation of TreeT(Reader), that's the type of an `'b tree_reader`, that is, of a layered box consisting of TreeT packaging wrapped around an inner Reader box.
+
+The definitions of `tree_monadize` and `tree_reader_bind` should look very similar. They're not quite the same. There's the difference in the order of their function-like and tree-like arguments, but that's inconsequential. More important is that the types of their arguments differs. `tree_reader_bind` wants a tree that's already fused with a reader; `tree_monadize` instead just wants a plain tree. `tree_reader_bind` wants a function that takes the elements occupying its leaves into other `tree_reader`s; `tree_monadize` just wants it to take them into plain `reader`s. That's why the application of `f` to `a` has to be `elevate`d in the `tree_monadize` clause for `Leaf a -> ...`.
+
+But there is an obvious common structure to these two functions, and indeed in the [[monad library]] their more complicated cousins are defined in terms of common pieces. In the monad library, the `tree_monadize` function is called `distribute`; this is an operation living inside the TreeT packaging. There's an analogous `distribute` function living inside the ListT packaging. (Haskell has the second but not the first; it calls it `mapM` and it lives inside the wrapped base monad, instead of the List packaging.)
+
+We linked to [some code](/code/tree_monadize.ml) earlier that demonstrated all the `tree_monadize` examples in a compact way.
+
+Here's how to demonstrate the same examples, using the monad library. First, preliminaries:
+
+ # #use "path/to/monads.ml";;
+ # module T = Tree_monad;;
+ # module R = Reader_monad(struct type env = int -> int end);;
+ # module S = State_monad(struct type store = int end);;
+ # module L = List_monad;;
+ # module C = Continuation_monad;;
+ # module TR = T.T(R);;
+ # module TS = T.T(S);;
+ # module TL = T.T(L);;
+ # module TC = T.T(C);;
+ # let t1 = Some (T.Node (T.Node (T.Leaf 2, T.Leaf 3), T.Node (T.Leaf 5, T.Node (T.Leaf 7, T.Leaf 11))));;
+
+We can use TreeT(Reader) to modify leaves:
+
+ # let tree_reader = TR.distribute (fun i -> R.asks (fun e -> e i)) t1;;
+ # TR.run tree_reader (fun i -> i+i);;
+ (*
+ - : int T.tree option =
+ Some
+ (T.Node
+ (T.Node (T.Leaf 4, T.Leaf 6),
+ T.Node (T.Leaf 10, T.Node (T.Leaf 14, T.Leaf 22))))
+ *)
+
+Here's a comparison of how distribute works for trees and how it works for lists:
+
+ # module LR = L.T(R);;
+ # let l1 = [2; 3; 5; 7; 11];;
+ # LR.(run (distribute (fun i -> R.(asks (fun e -> e i))) l1)) (fun i -> i+i);;
+ - : int list = [4; 6; 10; 14; 22]
+
+<!--
+More complex: here we use the monadic `list_reader` or `tree_reader` we got back from `distribute` and `bind` it to other operations:
+
+ # let u = LR.distribute (fun i -> R.(asks (fun e -> e i))) l1 in
+ LR.(run(u >>= fun i -> plus (unit i) (unit (10*i)))) (fun i -> i + i);;
+ - : int list = [4; 40; 6; 60; 10; 100; 14; 140; 22; 220]
+ # let v = TR.distribute (fun i -> R.(asks (fun e -> e i))) t1 in
+ TR.(run(v >>= fun i -> plus (unit i) (unit (10*i)))) (fun i -> i + i);;
+ - : int T.tree option =
+ Some
+ (T.Node
+ (T.Node (T.Node (T.Leaf 4, T.Leaf 40), T.Node (T.Leaf 6, T.Leaf 60)),
+ T.Node
+ (T.Node (T.Leaf 10, T.Leaf 100),
+ T.Node (T.Node (T.Leaf 14, T.Leaf 140), T.Node (T.Leaf 22, T.Leaf 220)))))
+-->
+
+We can use TreeT(State) to count leaves:
+
+ # let tree_counter = TS.distribute (fun i -> S.(puts succ >> unit i)) t1 in
+ TS.run tree_counter 0;;
+ (*
+ - : int T.tree option * S.store =
+ (Some
+ (T.Node
+ (T.Node (T.Leaf 2, T.Leaf 3),
+ T.Node (T.Leaf 5, T.Node (T.Leaf 7, T.Leaf 11)))),
+ 5)
+ *)
+
+or to annotate leaves:
+
+ # let tree_annotater = TS.distribute (fun i -> S.(puts succ >> get >>= fun s -> unit (i,s))) t1 in
+ TS.run tree_annotater 0;;
+ - : (int * S.store) T.tree option * S.store =
+ (Some
+ (T.Node
+ (T.Node (T.Leaf (2, 1), T.Leaf (3, 2)),
+ T.Node (T.Leaf (5, 3), T.Node (T.Leaf (7, 4), T.Leaf (11, 5))))),
+ 5)
+
+Here's a comparison of how distribute works for trees and how it works for lists:
+
+ # module LS = L.T(S);;
+
+ # let list_counter = LS.distribute (fun i -> S.(puts succ >> unit i)) l1 in
+ LS.run list_counter 0;;
+ - : int list * S.store = ([2; 3; 5; 7; 11], 5)
+
+ # let list_annotater = LS.distribute (fun i -> S.(puts succ >> get >>= fun s -> unit (i,s) )) l1 in
+ LS.run list_annotater 0;;
+ - : (int * S.store) list * S.store =
+ ([(2, 1); (3, 2); (5, 3); (7, 4); (11, 5)], 5)
+
+
+<!--
+# let u = LS.distribute (fun i -> if i = -1 then S.get else if i < 0 then S.(puts succ >> unit 0) else S.unit i) [10;-1;-2;-1;20] in
+ LS.run u 0;;
+- : S.store list * S.store = ([10; 0; 0; 1; 20], 1)
+-->
+
+
+We can use TreeT(List) to copy the tree with different choices for some of the leaves:
+
+ # let tree_chooser = TL.distribute (fun i -> L.(if i = 2 then plus (unit 20) (unit 21) else unit i)) t1;;
+ # TL.run tree_chooser;;
+ - : ('_a, int) TL.result =
+ [Some
+ (T.Node
+ (T.Node (T.Leaf 20, T.Leaf 3),
+ T.Node (T.Leaf 5, T.Node (T.Leaf 7, T.Leaf 11))));
+ Some
+ (T.Node
+ (T.Node (T.Leaf 21, T.Leaf 3),
+ T.Node (T.Leaf 5, T.Node (T.Leaf 7, T.Leaf 11))))]
+
+
+Finally, we use TreeT(Continuation) to do various things. For reasons I won't explain here, the library currently requires you to run the Tree-plus-Continuation bundle using a different sequence of `run` commands:
+
+We can do nothing:
+<!--
+let initial_continuation = fun t -> t in
+TreeCont.monadize Continuation_monad.unit t1 initial_continuation;;
+-->
+
+ # C.run_exn TC.(run (distribute C.unit t1)) (fun t -> t);;
+ - : int T.tree option =
+ Some
+ (T.Node
+ (T.Node (T.Leaf 2, T.Leaf 3),
+ T.Node (T.Leaf 5, T.Node (T.Leaf 7, T.Leaf 11))))
+
+We can square each leaf. The meaning of `shift` will be explained in [[CPS and Continuation Operators]].
+<!--
+let initial_continuation = fun t -> t in
+TreeCont.monadize (fun a k -> k (a*a)) t1 initial_continuation;;
+-->
+
+ # C.run_exn TC.(run (distribute C.(fun a -> shift (fun k -> k (a*a))) t1)) (fun t -> t);;
+ - : int T.tree option =
+ Some
+ (T.Node
+ (T.Node (T.Leaf 4, T.Leaf 9),
+ T.Node (T.Leaf 25, T.Node (T.Leaf 49, T.Leaf 121))))
+
+We can count the leaves:
+<!--
+let initial_continuation = fun t -> 0 in
+TreeCont.monadize (fun a k -> 1 + k a) t1 initial_continuation;;
+-->
+
+ # C.run_exn TC.(run (distribute C.(fun a -> shift (fun k -> k a >>= fun v -> unit (1+v))) t1)) (fun t -> 0);;
+ - : int = 5
+
+
+We can convert the tree to a list of leaves:
+<!--
+let initial_continuation = fun t -> [] in
+TreeCont.monadize (fun a k -> a :: k a) t1 initial_continuation;;
+-->
+ # C.run_exn TC.(run (distribute C.(fun a -> shift (fun k -> k a >>= fun v -> unit (a::v))) t1)) (fun t -> []);;
+ - : int list = [2; 3; 5; 7; 11]
-(MORE...)