X-Git-Url: http://lambda.jimpryor.net/git/gitweb.cgi?p=lambda.git;a=blobdiff_plain;f=week1.mdwn;h=52654e3ece5aa1ec8bdbfe84499a6bccfa602d1a;hp=c9b52d1d52acead984f8a6149cdb62db2a39c111;hb=367daadad3a5d40885072b6b6f66ffd397e29c91;hpb=fceb99fda0c4287f9f3c476a26c6e202cf5e26c5 diff --git a/week1.mdwn b/week1.mdwn index c9b52d1d..52654e3e 100644 --- a/week1.mdwn +++ b/week1.mdwn @@ -62,12 +62,19 @@ Some authors reserve the term "term" for just variables and abstracts. We'll pro Examples of expressions: x + (y x) + (x x) + (\x y) + (\x x) + (\x (\y x)) + (x (\x x)) + ((\x (x x)) (\x (x x))) The lambda calculus has an associated proof theory. For now, we can regard the proof theory as having just one rule, called the rule of **beta-reduction** or "beta-contraction". Suppose you have some expression of the form: - ((\ a M) N) + ((\a M) N) that is, an application of an abstract to some other expression. This compound form is called a **redex**, meaning it's a "beta-reducible expression." `(\a M)` is called the **head** of the redex; `N` is called the **argument**, and `M` is called the **body**. @@ -278,18 +285,15 @@ It's possible to enhance the lambda calculus so that functions do get identified It's often said that dynamic systems are distinguished because they are the ones in which **order matters**. However, there are many ways in which order can matter. If we have a trivalent boolean system, for example---easily had in a purely functional calculus---we might choose to give a truth-table like this for "and": -

-true and true   = true
-true and true   = true
-true and *      = *
-true and false  = false
-* and true      = *
-* and *         = *
-* and false     = *
-false and true  = false
-false and *     = false
-false and false = false
-
+ true and true = true + true and * = * + true and false = false + * and true = * + * and * = * + * and false = * + false and true = false + false and * = false + false and false = false And then we'd notice that `* and false` has a different intepretation than `false and *`. (The same phenomenon is already present with the material conditional in bivalent logics; but seeing that a non-symmetric semantics for `and` is available even for functional languages is instructive.) @@ -534,7 +538,7 @@ Here's how it looks to say the same thing in various of these languages. (let* [(bar (lambda (x) B))] M) - then wherever `bar` occurs in `M` (and isn't rebound by a more local "let" or "lambda"), it will be interpreted as the function `(lambda (x) B)`. + then wherever `bar` occurs in `M` (and isn't rebound by a more local `let` or `lambda`), it will be interpreted as the function `(lambda (x) B)`. Similarly, in OCaml: @@ -594,8 +598,7 @@ Here's how it looks to say the same thing in various of these languages. let x = A;; ... rest of the file or interactive session ... - It's easy to be lulled into thinking this is a kind of imperative construction. *But it's not!* It's really just a shorthand for the compound "let"-expressions we've already been looking at, taking the maximum syntactically permissible scope. (Compare the "dot" convention in the lambda calculus, discussed above.) - + It's easy to be lulled into thinking this is a kind of imperative construction. *But it's not!* It's really just a shorthand for the compound `let`-expressions we've already been looking at, taking the maximum syntactically permissible scope. (Compare the "dot" convention in the lambda calculus, discussed above.) 9. Some shorthand @@ -667,9 +670,8 @@ Here's how it looks to say the same thing in various of these languages. and there's no more mutation going on there than there is in: -
-	∀x. (F x or ∀x (not (F x)))
-	
+
∀x. (F x or ∀x (not (F x)))
+	
When a previously-bound variable is rebound in the way we see here, that's called **shadowing**: the outer binding is shadowed during the scope of the inner binding. @@ -746,7 +748,7 @@ Or even: (define foo B) (foo 2) -don't involve any changes or sequencing in the sense we're trying to identify. As we said, these programs are just syntactic variants of (single) compound syntactic structures involving "let"s and "lambda"s. +don't involve any changes or sequencing in the sense we're trying to identify. As we said, these programs are just syntactic variants of (single) compound syntactic structures involving `let`s and `lambda`s. Since Scheme and OCaml also do permit imperatival constructions, they do have syntax for genuine sequencing. In Scheme it looks like this: