X-Git-Url: http://lambda.jimpryor.net/git/gitweb.cgi?p=lambda.git;a=blobdiff_plain;f=topics%2F_week7_monads.mdwn;h=b9be5bae05710ae94165b0f7b383115a1b1cad9f;hp=32f7ac02fbacef95a6c54fa11de16bc87d194cf9;hb=b13412acbd429e1cc83669d6e881e3d9e98fbda3;hpb=30def3dcf083271e4e097c7a90b9937e1a8518c2 diff --git a/topics/_week7_monads.mdwn b/topics/_week7_monads.mdwn index 32f7ac02..b9be5bae 100644 --- a/topics/_week7_monads.mdwn +++ b/topics/_week7_monads.mdwn @@ -74,13 +74,14 @@ if `α List` is our box type, we can write the second arrow as We'll need a number of classes of functions to help us maneuver in the presence of box types. We will want to define a different instance of -each of these for whichever box type we're dealing with: +each of these for whichever box type we're dealing with. (This will +become clearly shortly.) mid (/εmaidεnt@tI/ aka unit, return, pure): P -> P map (/maep/): (P -> Q) -> P -> Q -map2 (/maeptu/): (P -> Q -> R) -> P -> Q -> R +map2 (/m&ash;ptu/): (P -> Q -> R) -> P -> Q -> R mapply (/εm@plai/): P -> Q -> P -> Q @@ -108,8 +109,8 @@ if there is a `map` function defined for that box type with the type given above if there are in addition `map2`, `mid`, and `mapply`. (With `map2` in hand, `map3`, `map4`, ... `mapN` are easily definable.) -* ***Monad*** ("composable") A MapNable box type is a *Monad* if there - is in addition an `mcompose` and a `join` such that `mid` is be +* ***Monad*** ("composables") A MapNable box type is a *Monad* if there + is in addition an `mcompose` and a `join` such that `mid` is a left and right identity for `mcompose`, and `mcompose` is associative. That is, the following "laws" must hold: @@ -124,26 +125,26 @@ Identity box type is a completly invisible box. With the following definitions mid ≡ \p.p - mcompose ≡ \f\g\x.f(gx) + mcompose ≡ \fgx.f(gx) Id is a monad. Here is a demonstration that the laws hold: - mcompose mid k == (\f\g\x.f(gx)) (\p.p) k + mcompose mid k == (\fgx.f(gx)) (\p.p) k ~~> \x.(\p.p)(kx) ~~> \x.kx ~~> k - mcompose k mid == (\f\g\x.f(gx)) k (\p.p) + mcompose k mid == (\fgx.f(gx)) k (\p.p) ~~> \x.k((\p.p)x) ~~> \x.kx ~~> k - mcompose (mcompose j k) l == mcompose ((\f\g\x.f(gx)) j k) l + mcompose (mcompose j k) l == mcompose ((\fgx.f(gx)) j k) l ~~> mcompose (\x.j(kx)) l - == (\f\g\x.f(gx)) (\x.j(kx)) l + == (\fgx.f(gx)) (\x.j(kx)) l ~~> \x.(\x.j(kx))(lx) ~~> \x.j(k(lx)) - mcompose j (mcompose k l) == mcompose j ((\f\g\x.f(gx)) k l) + mcompose j (mcompose k l) == mcompose j ((\fgx.f(gx)) k l) ~~> mcompose j (\x.k(lx)) - == (\f\g\x.f(gx)) j (\x.k(lx)) + == (\fgx.f(gx)) j (\x.k(lx)) ~~> \x.j((\x.k(lx)) x) ~~> \x.j(k(lx)) @@ -157,10 +158,15 @@ consider the box type `α List`, with the following operations: mcompose-crossy: (β -> [γ]) -> (α -> [β]) -> (α -> [γ]) mcompose-crossy f g a = [c | b <- g a, c <- f b] + mcompose-crossy f g a = foldr (\b -> \gs -> (f b) ++ gs) [] (g a) + mcompose-crossy f g a = concat (map f (g a)) +These three definitions are all equivalent. In words, `mcompose f g a` feeds the a (which has type α) to g, which returns a list of βs; each β in that list is fed to f, which returns a -list of γs. The final result is the concatenation of those lists of γs. +list of γs. + +The final result is the concatenation of those lists of γs. For example, let f b = [b, b+1] in @@ -169,12 +175,11 @@ For example, It is easy to see that these definitions obey the monad laws (see exercises). -There can be multiple monads for any given box type. For isntance, +There can be multiple monads for any given box type. For instance, using the same box type and the same mid, we can define - mcompose-zippy f g a = match (f,g) with - ([],_) -> [] - (_,[]) -> [] - (f:ftail, g:gtail) -> f(ga) && mcompoze-zippy ftail gtail a + mcompose-zippy f g a = foldr (\b -> \gs -> f b ++ gs) (g a) [] +so that + mcompose-zippy f g 7 = [49, 14]