- +* [Chris Barker's Lambda Tutorial](http://homepages.nyu.edu/~cb125/Lambda) +* [Lambda Animator](http://thyer.name/lambda-animator/)
* [[!wikipedia Haskell Curry]] * [[!wikipedia Moses Schönfinkel]] * [[!wikipedia Alonzo Church]]
@@ -56,25 +55,18 @@ get more out of out. (Rinse and repeat.) * [[!wikipedia Church-Rosser theorem]] * [[!wikipedia Normalization property]] * [[!wikipedia Turing completeness]]
+* [Scooping the Loop Snooper](http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/0910/CompTheory/scooping.pdf), a proof of the undecidability of the halting problem in the style of Dr Seuss by Geoffrey K. Pullum * [[!wikipedia Church encoding]] -* [[!wikipedia Y combinator]]
-* [[!wikipedia Curry-Howard isomorphism]]
-* [[!wikipedia Evaluation strategy]] -* [[!wikipedia Eager evaluation]] -* [[!wikipedia Lazy evaluation]] -* [[!wikipedia Strict programming language]] ## Learning Scheme ## -* [Wikipedia overview of Scheme](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_%28programming_language%29) +* [[!wikipedia Scheme (programming language) desc="Wikipedia overview of Scheme"]] * If you are new to programming or if you have the patience to work through a textbook, you should work through a textbook. Some good choices are The Little Schemer book(s) we recommended for the seminar; and also: + [How to Design Programs](http://www.htdp.org/2003-09-26/), by Matthias Felleisen, et al., which the Racket groups recommends. Whenever the book says "Scheme," you can read it as "Racket." - Another warmly-recommended introduction available online is: - - + [Teach Yourself Scheme in Fixnum Days](http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/dorai/t-y-scheme/t-y-scheme.html) + Another warmly-recommended introduction available online is [Teach Yourself Scheme in Fixnum Days](http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/dorai/t-y-scheme/t-y-scheme.html) This is a short introductory text that introduces common Scheme techniques. * If you're already a programmer and you're in more of a hurry, you could instead look at the [Quick Introduction to Racket](http://docs.racket-lang.org/quick/index.html). This tutorial provides a brief introduction to the Racket programming language by using DrRacket and one of Racket's picture-drawing libraries. @@ -90,23 +82,39 @@ different handy extensions. The first standard was published in 1975. A revision was published in 1978 called "The revised report on Scheme, a dialect of Lisp." Thereafter, revisions of the standard were titled "The Revised Revised Report..." and so on, or "The Revised^n Report..." for -short, for increasing n. The most widely implemented standard is [The -Revised^5 Report on Scheme](http://docs.racket-lang.org/r5rs/index.html), +short. One widely implemented standard is [The +Revised^5 Report on Scheme](http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/), or R5RS, published in 1998. -\[[Alt link](http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/)\] -A new standard [R6RS](http://docs.racket-lang.org/r6rs/index.html) was ratified +A new standard [R6RS](http://www.r6rs.org/final/html/r6rs/r6rs.html) was ratified in 2007, but this has many detractors and has not been fully accepted in the -community. -\[[Alt link](http://www.r6rs.org/final/html/r6rs/r6rs.html); -[Libraries](http://www.r6rs.org/final/html/r6rs-lib/r6rs-lib.html)\] +community. ([Libraries for R6RS](http://www.r6rs.org/final/html/r6rs-lib/r6rs-lib.html)) -* [Scheme FAQ](http://community.schemewiki.org/?scheme-faq) + +* [Scheme FAQ](http://community.schemewiki.org/?scheme-faq) * [Scheme Requests for Implementation](http://srfi.schemers.org/) (SRFI) - * The [Schematics Scheme Cookbook](http://schemecookbook.org/) is a collaborative effort to produce documentation and recipes for using Scheme for common tasks. +## Recursion and the Y Combinator ## + +* [[!wikipedia Recursion (computer science) desc="Recursion"]] +* [[!wikipedia Y combinator]] +* [Chapter 9 from The Little Schemer](http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/matthias/BTLS/sample.ps) on the Y Combinator "...and Again, and Again, and Again..." +* [The Y combinator](http://mvanier.livejournal.com/2700.html) +* [The Why of Y](http://www.dreamsongs.com/NewFiles/WhyOfY.pdf) +* [The Y Combinator (Slight Return), or: How to Succeed at Recursion Without Really Recursing](http://mvanier.livejournal.com/2897.html) +* [Y Combinator for Dysfunctional Non-Schemers](http://rayfd.wordpress.com/2007/05/06/y-combinator-for-dysfunctional-non-schemers/) +* [The Y Combinator](http://www.ece.uc.edu/~franco/C511/html/Scheme/ycomb.html) +* [The Y Combinator](http://dangermouse.brynmawr.edu/cs245/ycomb_jim.html) derives the applicative-order Y-combinator from scratch, in Scheme. This derivation is similar in flavor to the derivation found in The Little Schemer, but uses a slightly different starting approach... + +## Evaluation Order ## + +* [[!wikipedia Evaluation strategy]] +* [[!wikipedia Eager evaluation]] +* [[!wikipedia Lazy evaluation]] +* [[!wikipedia Strict programming language]] + ## Types ## @@ -119,18 +127,117 @@ community. * [[!wikipedia Simply typed lambda calculus]] * [Type Theory](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/type-theory/) at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy * [Church's Type Theory](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/type-theory-church/) at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy +* The [[!wikipedia Curry-Howard isomorphism]] +* [The Curry-Howard correspondence in Haskell](http://www.thenewsh.com/~newsham/formal/curryhoward/)
* [[!wikipedia Type polymorphism]] * [[!wikipedia System F]] ## Learning OCaml ## -* [[!wikipedia Objective Caml]] +* [[!wikipedia Objective Caml desc="Wikipedia overview of OCaml"]] + +* [A Concise Introduction to Objective Caml](http://www.csc.villanova.edu/~dmatusze/resources/ocaml/ocaml.html) + +* Here are [two](http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~scott/pl/lectures/caml-intro.html) [other](http://pauillac.inria.fr/caml/FAQ/stephan.html) brief overviews of OCaml, aimed at readers who already have some programming experience. Here are [two](http://pauillac.inria.fr/caml/FAQ/exemples-eng.html) [more](http://pauillac.inria.fr/caml/FAQ/qrg-eng.html), even briefer. + +* Here's a [more detailed tutorial](http://www.ocaml-tutorial.org/) for OCaml. + +* Jason Hickey has posted a [draft of a nice book introducing OCaml](http://www.cs.caltech.edu/courses/cs134/cs134b/book.pdf). + +* FAQs for [OCaml Beginners](http://pauillac.inria.fr/caml/FAQ/FAQ_DEBUTANT-eng.html), and [a few more](http://caml.inria.fr/resources/doc/faq/). Also FAQs for [OCaml Experts](http://pauillac.inria.fr/caml/FAQ/FAQ_EXPERT-eng.html). + ## Side-effects / mutation ## -* [[!wikipedia Side effect (computer science)]] -* [[!wikipedia Reference (computer science)]] -* [[!wikipedia Pointer (computing)]] +* [[!wikipedia Side effect (computer science) desc="Side effects"]] +* [[!wikipedia Reference (computer science) desc="References"]] +* [[!wikipedia Pointer (computing) desc="Pointers"]] +* [Pointers in OCaml](http://caml.inria.fr/resources/doc/guides/pointers.html) + +## Monads ## + +* [[!wikipedia Monad (functional programming) desc="Monads in Functional Programming"]] + +* [A Gentle Intro to Haskell: About Monads](http://www.haskell.org/tutorial/monads.html) + +* [Understanding Haskell Monads](http://ertes.de/articles/monads.html) + +* [The State Monad: a tutorial for the confused?](http://coder.bsimmons.name/blog/2009/10/the-state-monad-a-tutorial-for-the-confused/) + +* [Beyond Monads](http://blog.sigfpe.com/2009/02/beyond-monads.html) + +* [Simple Explanation of a Monad](http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/405/simple-explanation-of-a-monad) + +* [What is a Monad?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/44965/what-is-a-monad) + +* [Can Anyone Explain Monads?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2366/can-anyone-explain-monads) + +* [Monad in Plain English...](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2704652/monad-in-plain-english-for-the-oop-programmer-with-no-fp-background) + +* [Monad in non-programming terms](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3261729/monad-in-non-programming-terms) + +* [Real World Haskell: chapter on Monads](http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/monads.html) + +* [Learn You a Haskell for Great Good: chapter on Functors, Applicative Functors and Monoids](http://www.learnyouahaskell.com/functors-applicative-functors-and-monoids) + +* Monads are Elephants: +[Part 1](http://james-iry.blogspot.com/2007/09/monads-are-elephants-part-1.html) +[Part 2](http://james-iry.blogspot.com/2007/10/monads-are-elephants-part-2.html) +[Part 3](http://james-iry.blogspot.com/2007/10/monads-are-elephants-part-3.html) +[Part 4](http://james-iry.blogspot.com/2007/11/monads-are-elephants-part-4.html) + +* [Brian Beckman: Don't fear the Monad (67 minute video)](http://channel9.msdn.com/shows/Going+Deep/Brian-Beckman-Dont-fear-the-Monads/) + +* [A monad non-tutorial...or why you shouldn't ask what a monad is](http://strongtyped.blogspot.com/2010/01/monad-non-tutorial.html) + +* [The Mother of all Monads](http://blog.sigfpe.com/2008/12/mother-of-all-monads.html) + +* [You Could Have Invented Monads! (And Maybe You Already Have.)](http://blog.sigfpe.com/2006/08/you-could-have-invented-monads-and.html) + +* [Monads! (and Why Monad Tutorials Are All Awful)](http://ahamsandwich.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/monads-and-why-monad-tutorials-are-all-awful/) + +* [Of monads and spacesuits (archived)](http://www.iterasi.net/openviewer.aspx?sqrlitid=ixx7fcluvek_9lfolsxr_g) + +* [Haskell wikibook: Understanding monads](http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell/Understanding_monads) + +* Haskell state monads: [part 1](http://mvanier.livejournal.com/1765.html) [part 2](http://mvanier.livejournal.com/1901.html) + +* [How not to explain Haskell monads](http://mvanier.livejournal.com/1205.html) + +* Yet Another Monad Tutorial: [part 1](http://mvanier.livejournal.com/3917.html) [part 2](http://mvanier.livejournal.com/4305.html) + [part 3](http://mvanier.livejournal.com/4586.html) [part 4](http://mvanier.livejournal.com/4647.html) + +* [Research Papers/Monads and Arrows](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Research_papers/Monads_and_arrows) + +* [Philip Wadler. Monads for Functional Programming](http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/papers/marktoberdorf/baastad.pdf): +in M. Broy, editor, *Marktoberdorf Summer School on Program Design Calculi*, Springer Verlag, NATO ASI Series F: Computer and systems sciences, Volume 118, August 1992. Also in J. Jeuring and E. Meijer, editors, *Advanced Functional Programming*, Springer Verlag, LNCS 925, 1995. Some errata fixed August 2001. + + The use of monads to structure functional programs is described. Monads provide a convenient framework for simulating effects found in other languages, such as global state, exception handling, output, or non-determinism. Three case studies are looked at in detail: how monads ease the modification of a simple evaluator; how monads act as the basis of a datatype of arrays subject to in-place update; and how monads can be used to build parsers. + +* [Philip Wadler. The essence of functional programming](http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/papers/essence/essence.ps): +invited talk, *19'th Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages*, ACM Press, Albuquerque, January 1992. + + This paper explores the use monads to structure functional programs. No prior knowledge of monads or category theory is required. + + Monads increase the ease with which programs may be modified. They can mimic the effect of impure features such as exceptions, state, and continuations; and also provide effects not easily achieved with such features. The types of a program reflect which effects occur. + + The first section is an extended example of the use of monads. A simple interpreter is modified to support various extra features: error messages, state, output, and non-deterministic choice. The second section describes the relation between monads and continuation-passing style. The third section sketches how monads are used in a compiler for Haskell that is written in Haskell. + +## Monads in Category Theory ## + +* [Category Theory at SEP](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/) +* [[!wikipedia Category theory]] +* [[!wikipedia Category (mathematics) desc="Category"]] +* [[!wikipedia Morphism]] +* [[!wikipedia Functor]] +* [[!wikipedia Natural transformation]] +* [[!wikipedia Monad (category theory) desc="Monads in category theory"]] +* [Haskell/Category Theory](http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell/Category_theory) +* [Category Theory & Functional Programming](http://blog.mestan.fr/2009/01/09/category-theory-functional-programming/) +* [Learning Haskell through Category Theory, and Adventuring in Category Land](http://dekudekuplex.wordpress.com/2009/01/16/learning-haskell-through-category-theory-and-adventuring-in-category-land-like-flatterland-only-about-categories/) +* [Resources for learning practical category theory](http://mathoverflow.net/questions/903/resources-for-learning-practical-category-theory) +* [A Partial Ordering of some Category Theory applied to Haskell](http://blog.sigfpe.com/2010/03/partial-ordering-of-some-category.html) + ## Continuations ## @@ -141,11 +248,51 @@ community. * [[!wikipedia Delimited continuation]] * [Delimited/composable continuations tutorial](composable-continuations-tutorial) at SchemeWiki -## Monads ## +* [Call With Current Continuation](http://www.c2.com/cgi/wiki?CallWithCurrentContinuation) + +* [Continuations Made Simple and Illustrated](http://www.ps.uni-saarland.de/~duchier/python/continuations.html) + +* [Continuation kata](http://programming-musings.org/2006/02/12/continuation-kata/) + +* [Understanding continuations](http://keithdevens.com/weblog/archive/2004/Jul/11/continuations) [Commentary](http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/86) + +* [[!wikipedia Continuation]] + +* [Haskell wiki on Continuations](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Continuation) + +* [Continuations In Scheme](http://tech.phillipwright.com/2010/05/23/continuations-in-scheme/) + +* [Understanding Scheme Continuations](http://sanjaypande.blogspot.com/2004/06/understanding-scheme-continuations.html). This is tagged "Part I" but I think there's no further parts. + +* [Continuations for Curmudgeons](http://www.intertwingly.net/blog/2005/04/13/Continuations-for-Curmudgeons) [Commentary](http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/643) + +* [composable-continuations-tutorial](http://community.schemewiki.org/?composable-continuations-tutorial) + +* [Post by Ken on Lambda the Ultimate explaining difference btw undelimited and delimited continuations](http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1197#comment-12927) + +* [shift, reset and streams](http://chneukirchen.org/blog/archive/2005/04/shift-reset-and-streams.html) + +* [guile and delimited continuations](http://www.wingolog.org/archives/2010/02/26/guile-and-delimited-continuations) + +* [Delimited continuations in Scala](http://blog.richdougherty.com/2009/02/delimited-continuations-in-scala_24.html) + +* [Delimited Continuations Explained (in Scala)](http://dcsobral.blogspot.com/2009/07/delimited-continuations-explained-in.html) + +* [Partial Continuations](http://www.bluishcoder.co.nz/articles/scheme/partial-continuations.html) + +* [Online Bibliography of Scheme Research: Continuations and Continuation Passing Style](http://library.readscheme.org/page6.html) + +* Delimited Continuations in MzScheme: +[Part 1](http://schemekeys.blogspot.com/2006/11/prompts-their-interaction-with-dynamic.html) +[Part 2](http://schemekeys.blogspot.com/2006/12/delimited-continuations-in-mzscheme.html) +[Part 3](http://schemekeys.blogspot.com/2007/01/going-further-with-primitives.html) +[Part 4](http://schemekeys.blogspot.com/2007/01/odd-and-ends.html) + +* [Delimited continuations in natural language semantics](http://okmij.org/ftp/gengo/) -* [[!wikipedia Monad (functional programming)]] ## Linear Logic ## * [[!wikipedia Linear logic]] +