X-Git-Url: http://lambda.jimpryor.net/git/gitweb.cgi?p=lambda.git;a=blobdiff_plain;f=assignment5.mdwn;h=f402ec61a70bbe9ebe4e5f7c2f4a2f1ecc853ede;hp=72361897b47b962f64de12c26f1895c916b8ac8a;hb=a9fc616a72a86be53a9ce7289fa3608799b44956;hpb=5ab9d6a956e6750c6aa46f97b724bffbb01a8d0f;ds=sidebyside diff --git a/assignment5.mdwn b/assignment5.mdwn index 72361897..f402ec61 100644 --- a/assignment5.mdwn +++ b/assignment5.mdwn @@ -1,214 +1,252 @@ Assignment 5 -Types and OCAML +Types and OCaml --------------- -0. Recall that the S combinator is given by \x y z. x z (y z). - Give two different typings for this function in OCAML. - To get you started, here's one typing for K: +0. Recall that the S combinator is given by \x y z. x z (y z). + Give two different typings for this function in OCaml. + To get you started, here's one typing for K: - # let k (y:'a) (n:'b) = y;; - val k : 'a -> 'b -> 'a = [fun] - # k 1 true;; - - : int = 1 + # let k (y:'a) (n:'b) = y;; + val k : 'a -> 'b -> 'a = [fun] + # k 1 true;; + - : int = 1 -1. Which of the following expressions is well-typed in OCAML? - For those that are, give the type of the expression as a whole. - For those that are not, why not? +1. Which of the following expressions is well-typed in OCaml? For those that + are, give the type of the expression as a whole. For those that are not, why + not? - let rec f x = f x;; + let rec f x = f x;; - let rec f x = f f;; + let rec f x = f f;; - let rec f x = f x in f f;; + let rec f x = f x in f f;; - let rec f x = f x in f ();; + let rec f x = f x in f ();; - let rec f () = f f;; + let rec f () = f f;; - let rec f () = f ();; + let rec f () = f ();; - let rec f () = f () in f f;; + let rec f () = f () in f f;; - let rec f () = f () in f ();; + let rec f () = f () in f ();; -2. Throughout this problem, assume that we have +2. Throughout this problem, assume that we have - let rec omega x = omega x;; + let rec blackhole x = blackhole x;; - All of the following are well-typed. - Which ones terminate? What are the generalizations? + All of the following are well-typed. + Which ones terminate? What are the generalizations? - omega;; + blackhole;; - omega ();; + blackhole ();; - fun () -> omega ();; + fun () -> blackhole ();; - (fun () -> omega ()) ();; + (fun () -> blackhole ()) ();; - if true then omega else omega;; + if true then blackhole else blackhole;; - if false then omega else omega;; + if false then blackhole else blackhole;; - if true then omega else omega ();; + if true then blackhole else blackhole ();; - if false then omega else omega ();; + if false then blackhole else blackhole ();; - if true then omega () else omega;; + if true then blackhole () else blackhole;; - if false then omega () else omega;; + if false then blackhole () else blackhole;; - if true then omega () else omega ();; + if true then blackhole () else blackhole ();; - if false then omega () else omega ();; + if false then blackhole () else blackhole ();; - let _ = omega in 2;; + let _ = blackhole in 2;; - let _ = omega () in 2;; + let _ = blackhole () in 2;; -3. The following expression is an attempt to make explicit the +3. This problem is to begin thinking about controlling order of evaluation. +The following expression is an attempt to make explicit the behavior of `if`-`then`-`else` explored in the previous question. -The idea is to define an `if`-`then`-`else` expression using -other expression types. So assume that "yes" is any OCAML expression, -and "no" is any other OCAML expression (of the same type as "yes"!), +The idea is to define an `if`-`then`-`else` expression using +other expression types. So assume that "yes" is any OCaml expression, +and "no" is any other OCaml expression (of the same type as "yes"!), and that "bool" is any boolean. Then we can try the following: "if bool then yes else no" should be equivalent to - let b = bool in - let y = yes in - let n = no in - match b with true -> y | false -> n + let b = bool in + let y = yes in + let n = no in + match b with true -> y | false -> n -This almost works. For instance, + This almost works. For instance, - if true then 1 else 2;; + if true then 1 else 2;; -evaluates to 1, and + evaluates to 1, and - let b = true in let y = 1 in let n = 2 in - match b with true -> y | false -> n;; + let b = true in let y = 1 in let n = 2 in + match b with true -> y | false -> n;; -also evaluates to 1. Likewise, + also evaluates to 1. Likewise, - if false then 1 else 2;; + if false then 1 else 2;; -and + and - let b = false in let y = 1 in let n = 2 in - match b with true -> y | false -> n;; + let b = false in let y = 1 in let n = 2 in + match b with true -> y | false -> n;; -both evaluate to 2. + both evaluate to 2. -However, + However, - let rec omega x = omega x in - if true then omega else omega ();; + let rec blackhole x = blackhole x in + if true then blackhole else blackhole ();; -terminates, but + terminates, but - let rec omega x = omega x in - let b = true in - let y = omega in - let n = omega () in - match b with true -> y | false -> n;; + let rec blackhole x = blackhole x in + let b = true in + let y = blackhole in + let n = blackhole () in + match b with true -> y | false -> n;; -does not terminate. Incidentally, `match bool with true -> yes | -false -> no;;` works as desired, but your assignment is to solve it -without using the magical evaluation order properties of either `if` -or of `match`. That is, you must keep the `let` statements, though -you're allowed to adjust what `b`, `y`, and `n` get assigned to. + does not terminate. Incidentally, `match bool with true -> yes | + false -> no;;` works as desired, but your assignment is to solve it + without using the magical evaluation order properties of either `if` + or of `match`. That is, you must keep the `let` statements, though + you're allowed to adjust what `b`, `y`, and `n` get assigned to. -[[Hint assignment 5 problem 3]] + [[hints/assignment 5 hint 1]] -Baby monads ------------ +Booleans, Church numerals, and v3 lists in OCaml +------------------------------------------------ + +(These questions adapted from web materials by Umut Acar. See +.) + +Let's think about the encodings of booleans, numerals and lists in System F, +and get data-structures with the same form working in OCaml. (Of course, OCaml +has *native* versions of these datas-structures: its `true`, `1`, and `[1;2;3]`. +But the point of our exercise requires that we ignore those.) + +Recall from class System F, or the polymorphic λ-calculus. + + types τ ::= c | 'a | τ1 → τ2 | ∀'a. τ + expressions e ::= x | λx:τ. e | e1 e2 | Λ'a. e | e [τ] + +The boolean type, and its two values, may be encoded as follows: + + bool := ∀'a. 'a → 'a → 'a + true := Λ'a. λt:'a. λf :'a. t + false := Λ'a. λt:'a. λf :'a. f - Read the lecture notes for week 6, then write a - function `lift` that generalized the correspondence between + and - `add`: that is, `lift` takes any two-place operation on integers - and returns a version that takes arguments of type `int option` - instead, returning a result of `int option`. In other words, - `lift` will have type +It's used like this: - (int -> int -> int) -> (int option) -> (int option) -> (int option) + b [τ] e1 e2 - so that `lift (+) (Some 3) (Some 4)` will evalute to `Some 7`. - Don't worry about why you need to put `+` inside of parentheses. - You should make use of `bind` in your definition of `lift`: +where b is a boolean value, and τ is the shared type of e1 and e2. - let bind (x: int option) (f: int -> (int option)) = - match x with None -> None | Some n -> f n;; +**Exercise**. How should we implement the following terms. Note that the result +of applying them to the appropriate arguments should also give us a term of +type bool. +(a) the term not that takes an argument of type bool and computes its negation; +(b) the term and that takes two arguments of type bool and computes their conjunction; +(c) the term or that takes two arguments of type bool and computes their disjunction. -Booleans, Church numbers, and Church lists in OCAML ---------------------------------------------------- -These questions adapted from web materials written by some smart dude named Acar. -The idea is to get booleans, Church numbers, "Church" lists, and -binary trees working in OCAML. +The type nat (for "natural number") may be encoded as follows: - Recall from class System F, or the polymorphic λ-calculus. + nat := ∀'a. 'a → ('a → 'a) → 'a + zero := Λ'a. λz:'a. λs:'a → 'a. z + succ := λn:nat. Λ'a. λz:'a. λs:'a → 'a. s (n ['a] z s) - τ ::= α | τ1 → τ2 | ∀α. τ - e ::= x | λx:τ. e | e1 e2 | Λα. e | e [τ ] +A nat n is defined by what it can do, which is to compute a function iterated n +times. In the polymorphic encoding above, the result of that iteration can be +any type 'a, as long as you have a base element z : 'a and a function s : 'a → 'a. - Recall that bool may be encoded as follows: +**Exercise**: get booleans and Church numbers working in OCaml, +including OCaml versions of bool, true, false, zero, iszero, succ, and pred. +It's especially useful to do a version of pred, starting with one +of the (untyped) versions available in the lambda library +accessible from the main wiki page. The point of the excercise +is to do these things on your own, so avoid using the built-in +OCaml booleans and integers. - bool := ∀α. α → α → α - true := Λα. λt:α. λf :α. t - false := Λα. λt:α. λf :α. f +Consider the following list type: - (where τ indicates the type of e1 and e2) + type 'a list = Nil | Cons of 'a * 'a list - Note that each of the following terms, when applied to the - appropriate arguments, return a result of type bool. +We can encode τ lists, lists of elements of type τ as follows: - (a) the term not that takes an argument of type bool and computes its negation; - (b) the term and that takes two arguments of type bool and computes their conjunction; - (c) the term or that takes two arguments of type bool and computes their disjunction. + τ list := ∀'a. 'a → (τ → 'a → 'a) → 'a + nil τ := Λ'a. λn:'a. λc:τ → 'a → 'a. n + make_list τ := λh:τ. λt:τ list. Λ'a. λn:'a. λc:τ → 'a → 'a. c h (t ['a] n c) - The type nat (for "natural number") may be encoded as follows: +More generally, the polymorphic list type is: - nat := ∀α. α → (α → α) → α - zero := Λα. λz:α. λs:α → α. z - succ := λn:nat. Λα. λz:α. λs:α → α. s (n [α] z s) + list := ∀'b. ∀'a. 'a → ('b → 'a → 'a) → 'a - A nat n is defined by what it can do, which is to compute a function iterated n times. In the polymorphic - encoding above, the result of that iteration can be any type α, as long as you have a base element z : α and - a function s : α → α. +As with nats, recursion is built into the datatype. - **Excercise**: get booleans and Church numbers working in OCAML, - including OCAML versions of bool, true, false, zero, succ, add. +We can write functions like map: - Consider the following list type: + map : (σ → τ ) → σ list → τ list - datatype ’a list = Nil | Cons of ’a * ’a list + - We can encode τ lists, lists of elements of type τ as follows: +**Excercise** convert this function to OCaml. We've given you the type; you +only need to give the term. - τ list := ∀α. α → (τ → α → α) → α - nilτ := Λα. λn:α. λc:τ → α → α. n - makeListτ := λh:τ. λt:τ list. Λα. λn:α. λc:τ → α → α. c h (t [α] n c) +Also give us the type and definition for a `head` function. Think about what +value to give back if the argument is the empty list. Ultimately, we might +want to make use of our `'a option` technique, but for this assignment, just +pick a strategy, no matter how clunky. - As with nats, recursion is built into the datatype. +Be sure to test your proposals with simple lists. (You'll have to `make_list` +the lists yourself; don't expect OCaml to magically translate between its +native lists and the ones you buil.d) - We can write functions like map: - map : (σ → τ ) → σ list → τ list - := λf :σ → τ. λl:σ list. l [τ list] nilτ (λx:σ. λy:τ list. consτ (f x) y + + + +Baby monads +----------- + +Read the material on dividing by zero/towards monads from the end of lecture +notes for week 6 the start of lecture notes for week 7, then write a function `lift'` that generalized the +correspondence between + and `add'`: that is, `lift'` takes any two-place +operation on integers and returns a version that takes arguments of type `int +option` instead, returning a result of `int option`. In other words, `lift'` +will have type: - **Excercise** convert this function to OCAML. Also write an `append` function. - Test with simple lists. + (int -> int -> int) -> (int option) -> (int option) -> (int option) - Consider the following simple binary tree type: +so that `lift' (+) (Some 3) (Some 4)` will evalute to `Some 7`. +Don't worry about why you need to put `+` inside of parentheses. +You should make use of `bind'` in your definition of `lift'`: - type ’a tree = Leaf | Node of ’a tree * ’a * ’a tree + let bind' (u: int option) (f: int -> (int option)) = + match u with None -> None | Some x -> f x;; - **Excercise** - Write a function `sumLeaves` that computes the sum of all the - leaves in an int tree. - Write a function `inOrder` : τ tree → τ list that computes the in-order traversal of a binary tree. You - may assume the above encoding of lists; define any auxiliary functions you need.