+++ /dev/null
-(* *)
-
-module Private = struct
- type var_t = int*string
- let var v = (0, v)
- let string_of_var (i, v) = v ^ String.make i '\''
- let equal_var (i1, v1) (i2, v2) = i1 == i2 && (String.compare v1 v2 == 0)
-
- type lambda_t = [ `Var of var_t | `Lam of var_t * lambda_t | `App of lambda_t * lambda_t ]
-
-(* DeBruijn terms
- * substitution and translation algorithms from Chris Hankin, An Introduction to Lambda Calculi for Comptuer Scientists
- *)
-
- type debruijn_t = [ `Db_free of var_t | `Db_index of int | `Db_lam of debruijn_t | `Db_app of debruijn_t*debruijn_t ]
-
- let debruijn_subst (expr : debruijn_t) (m : int) (new_term : debruijn_t) =
- let rec renumber m i = function
- | `Db_free _ as term -> term
- | `Db_index j as term when j < i -> term
- | `Db_index j -> `Db_index (j + m - 1)
- | `Db_app(left, right) -> `Db_app(renumber m i left, renumber m i right)
- | `Db_lam body -> `Db_lam(renumber m (i+1) body)
- in let rec loop m = function
- | `Db_free _ as term -> term
- | `Db_index j as term when j < m -> term
- | `Db_index j when j > m -> `Db_index (j-1)
- | `Db_index j -> renumber j 1 new_term
- | `Db_app(left, right) -> `Db_app(loop m left, loop m right)
- | `Db_lam body -> `Db_lam(loop (m+1) body)
- in loop m expr
-
- let debruijn (expr : lambda_t) : debruijn_t =
- let pos seq (target : var_t) =
- let rec loop (i : int) = function
- | [] -> `Db_free target
- | x::xs when equal_var x target -> `Db_index i
- | _::xs -> loop (i+1) xs
- in loop 1 seq
- in let rec loop seq = function
- | `Var v -> pos seq v
- | `Lam (v, body) -> `Db_lam(loop (v::seq) body)
- | `App (left, right) -> `Db_app(loop seq left, loop seq right)
- in loop [] expr
-
- let rec dbruijn_equal (t1 : debruijn_t) (t2 : debruijn_t) = match (t1, t2) with
- | (`Db_free v1, `Db_free v2) -> equal_var v1 v2
- | (`Db_index j1, `Db_index j2) -> j1 == j2
- | (`Db_app(left1, right1), `Db_app(left2, right2)) -> dbruijn_equal left1 left2 && dbruijn_equal right1 right2
- | (`Db_lam(body1), `Db_lam(body2)) -> dbruijn_equal body1 body2
- | _ -> false
-
- let rec debruijn_contains (t1 : debruijn_t) (t2 : debruijn_t) = match (t1, t2) with
- | (`Db_free v1, `Db_free v2) -> equal_var v1 v2
- | (`Db_index j1, `Db_index j2) -> j1 == j2
- | (`Db_app(left1, right1), `Db_app(left2, right2)) when dbruijn_equal left1 left2 && dbruijn_equal right1 right2 -> true
- | (`Db_app(left, right), term2) -> debruijn_contains left term2 || debruijn_contains right term2
- | (`Db_lam(body1), `Db_lam(body2)) when dbruijn_equal body1 body2 -> true
- | (`Db_lam(body1), term2) -> debruijn_contains body1 term2
- | _ -> false
-
-
- (* non-normalizing string_of_lambda *)
- let string_of_lambda (expr : lambda_t) =
- let rec top = function
- | `Var v -> string_of_var v
- | `Lam _ as term -> "fun " ^ dotted term
- | `App ((`App _ as left), right) -> top left ^ " " ^ atom right
- | `App (left, right) -> atom left ^ " " ^ atom right
- and atom = function
- | `Var v -> string_of_var v
- | `Lam _ as term -> "(fun " ^ dotted term ^ ")"
- | `App _ as term -> "(" ^ top term ^ ")"
- and dotted = function
- | `Lam (v, (`Lam _ as body)) -> (string_of_var v) ^ " " ^ dotted body
- | `Lam (v, body) -> (string_of_var v) ^ " -> " ^ top body
- in top expr
-
-(*
- * substitution and normal-order evaluator based on Haskell version by Oleg Kisleyov
- * http://okmij.org/ftp/Computation/lambda-calc.html#lambda-calculator-haskell
- *)
-
-(* if v occurs free_in term, returns Some v' where v' is the highest-tagged
- * variable with the same name as v occurring (free or bound) in term
- *)
- let free_in ((tag, name) as v) term =
- let rec loop = function
- | `Var((tag', name') as v') ->
- if name <> name' then false, v
- else if tag = tag' then true, v
- else false, v'
- | `App(left, right) ->
- let left_bool, ((left_tag, _) as left_v) = loop left in
- let right_bool, ((right_tag, _) as right_v) = loop right in
- left_bool || right_bool, if left_tag > right_tag then left_v else right_v
- | `Lam(v', _) when equal_var v v' -> (false, v)
- | `Lam(_, body) -> loop body
- in match loop term with
- | false, _ -> None
- | true, v -> Some v
-
- let rec subst v new_term term = match new_term with
- | `Var v' when equal_var v v' -> term
- | _ -> (match term with
- | `Var v' when equal_var v v' -> new_term
- | `Var _ -> term
- | `App(left, right) -> `App(subst v new_term left, subst v new_term right)
- | `Lam(v', _) when equal_var v v' -> term
- (* if x is free in the inserted term new_term, a capture is possible *)
- | `Lam(v', body) ->
- (match free_in v' new_term with
- (* v' not free in new_term, can substitute new_term for v without any captures *)
- | None -> `Lam(v', subst v new_term body)
- (* v' free in new_term, need to alpha-convert *)
- | Some max_x ->
- let bump_tag (tag, name) (tag', _) =
- (max tag tag') + 1, name in
- let bump_tag' ((_, name) as v1) ((_, name') as v2) =
- if (String.compare name name' == 0) then bump_tag v1 v2 else v1 in
- (* bump v' > max_x from new_term, then check whether
- * it also needs to be bumped > v
- *)
- let uniq_x = bump_tag' (bump_tag v' max_x) v in
- let uniq_x' = (match free_in uniq_x body with
- | None -> uniq_x
- (* bump uniq_x > max_x' from body *)
- | Some max_x' -> bump_tag uniq_x max_x'
- ) in
- (* alpha-convert body *)
- let body' = subst v' (`Var uniq_x') body in
- (* now substitute new_term for v *)
- `Lam(uniq_x', subst v new_term body')
- )
- )
-
- let check_eta = function
- | `Lam(v, `App(body, `Var u)) when equal_var v u && free_in v body = None -> body
- | (_ : lambda_t) as term -> term
-
-
-
-
- exception Lambda_looping;;
-
- let eval ?(eta=false) (expr : lambda_t) : lambda_t =
- let rec looping (body : debruijn_t) = function
- | [] -> false
- | x::xs when dbruijn_equal body x -> true
- | _::xs -> looping body xs
- in let rec loop (stack : lambda_t list) (body : lambda_t) =
- match body with
- | `Var v as term -> unwind term stack
- | `App(left, right) -> loop (right::stack) left
- | `Lam(v, body) -> (match stack with
- | [] ->
- let term = (`Lam(v, loop [] body)) in
- if eta then check_eta term else term
- | x::xs -> loop xs (subst v x body)
- )
- and unwind left = function
- | [] -> left
- | x::xs -> unwind (`App(left, loop [] x)) xs
- in loop [] expr
-
-
- let cbv ?(aggressive=true) (expr : lambda_t) : lambda_t =
- let rec loop = function
- | `Var v as term -> term
- | `App(left, right) ->
- let right' = loop right in
- (match loop left with
- | `Lam(v, body) -> loop (subst v right' body)
- | _ as left' -> `App(left', right')
- )
- | `Lam(v, body) as term ->
- if aggressive then `Lam(v, loop body)
- else term
- in loop expr
-
-
-
-
-
- (*
-
- (* (Oleg's version of) Ken's evaluator; doesn't seem to work -- requires laziness? *)
- let eval' ?(eta=false) (expr : lambda_t) : lambda_t =
- let rec loop = function
- | `Var v as term -> term
- | `Lam(v, body) ->
- let term = (`Lam(v, loop body)) in
- if eta then check_eta term else term
- | `App(`App _ as left, right) ->
- (match loop left with
- | `Lam _ as redux -> loop (`App(redux, right))
- | nonred_head -> `App(nonred_head, loop right)
- )
- | `App(left, right) -> `App(left, loop right)
- in loop expr
-
-
- module Sorted = struct
- let rec cons y = function
- | x :: _ as xs when x = y -> xs
- | x :: xs when x < y -> x :: cons y xs
- | xs [* [] or x > y *] -> y :: xs
-
- let rec mem y = function
- | x :: _ when x = y -> true
- | x :: xs when x < y -> mem y xs
- | _ [* [] or x > y *] -> false
-
- let rec remove y = function
- | x :: xs when x = y -> xs
- | x :: xs when x < y -> x :: remove y xs
- | xs [* [] or x > y *] -> xs
-
- let rec merge x' y' = match x', y' with
- | [], ys -> ys
- | xs, [] -> xs
- | x::xs, y::ys ->
- if x < y then x :: merge xs y'
- else if x = y then x :: merge xs ys
- else [* x > y *] y :: merge x' ys
- end
-
- let free_vars (expr : lambda_t) : string list =
- let rec loop = function
- | `Var x -> [x]
- | `Lam(x, t) -> Sorted.remove x (loop t)
- | `App(t1, t2) -> Sorted.merge (loop t1) (loop t2)
- in loop expr
-
- let free_in v (expr : lambda_t) =
- Sorted.mem v (free_vars t)
-
- let new_var =
- let counter = ref 0 in
- fun () -> (let z = !counter in incr counter; "_v"^(string_of_int z))
-
- ...
- | `Lam(x, body) as term when not (free_in v body) -> term
- | `Lam(y, body) when not (free_in y new_term) -> `Lam(y, subst v new_term body)
- | `Lam(y, body) ->
- let z = new_var () in
- subst v new_term (`Lam(z, subst y (`Var z) body))
- *)
-
-
-
- (*
-
- let bound_vars (expr : lambda_t) : string list =
- let rec loop = function
- | `Var x -> []
- | `Lam(x, t) -> Sorted.cons x (loop t)
- | `App(t1, t2) -> Sorted.merge (loop t1) (loop t2)
- in loop expr
-
- let reduce_cbv ?(aggressive=true) (expr : lambda_t) : lambda_t =
- let rec loop = function
- | `Var x as term -> term
- | `App(t1, t2) ->
- let t2' = loop t2 in
- (match loop t1 with
- | `Lam(x, t) -> loop (subst x t2' t)
- | _ as term -> `App(term, t2')
- )
- | `Lam(x, t) as term ->
- if aggressive then `Lam(x, loop t)
- else term
- in loop expr
-
- let reduce_cbn (expr : lambda_t) : lambda_t =
- let rec loop = function
- | `Var x as term -> term
- | `Lam(v, body) ->
- check_eta (`Lam(v, loop body))
- | `App(t1, t2) ->
- (match loop t1 with
- | `Lam(x, t) -> loop (subst x t2 t)
- | _ as term -> `App(term, loop t2)
- )
- in loop expr
-
- *)
-
-
- (*
-
- type env_t = (string * lambda_t) list
-
- let subst body x value =
- ((fun env ->
- let new_env = (x, value) :: env in
- body new_env) : env_t -> lambda_t)
-
- type strategy_t = By_value | By_name
-
- let eval (strategy : strategy_t) (expr : lambda_t) : lambda_t =
- in let rec inner = function
- | `Var x as t ->
- (fun env ->
- try List.assoc x env with
- | Not_found -> t)
- | `App(t1, value) ->
- (fun env ->
- let value' =
- if strategy = By_value then inner value env else value in
- (match inner t1 env with
- | `Lam(x, body) ->
- let body' = (subst (inner body) x value' env) in
- if strategy = By_value then body' else inner body' env
- | (t1' : lambda_t) -> `App(t1', inner value env)
- )
- )
- | `Lam(x, body) ->
- (fun env ->
- let v = new_var () in
- `Lam(v, inner body ((x, `Var v) :: env)))
- in inner expr ([] : env_t)
-
- let pp_env env =
- let rec loop acc = function
- | [] -> acc
- | (x, term)::es -> loop ((x ^ "=" ^ string_of_lambda term) :: acc) es
- in "[" ^ (String.concat ", " (loop [] (List.rev env))) ^ "]"
-
- let eval (strategy : strategy_t) (expr : lambda_t) : lambda_t =
- let new_var =
- let counter = ref 0 in
- fun () -> (let z = !counter in incr counter; "_v"^(string_of_int z))
- in let rec inner term =
- begin
- Printf.printf "starting [ %s ]\n" (string_of_lambda term);
- let res = match term with
- | `Var x as t ->
- (fun env ->
- try List.assoc x env with
- | Not_found -> t)
- | `App(t1, value) ->
- (fun env ->
- let value' =
- if strategy = By_value then inner value env else value in
- (match inner t1 env with
- | `Lam(x, body) ->
- let body' = (subst (inner body) x value' env) in
- if strategy = By_value then body' else inner body' env
- | (t1' : lambda_t) -> `App(t1', inner value env)
- )
- )
- | `Lam(x, body) ->
- (fun env ->
- let v = new_var () in
- `Lam(v, inner body ((x, `Var v) :: env)))
- in
- (fun env ->
- (Printf.printf "%s with %s => %s\n" (string_of_lambda term) (pp_env env) (string_of_lambda (res env)); res env))
- end
- in inner expr ([] : env_t)
-
- *)
-
- let normal ?(eta=false) expr = eval ~eta expr
-
- let normal_string_of_lambda ?(eta=false) (expr : lambda_t) =
- string_of_lambda (normal ~eta expr)
-
- let rec to_int expr = match expr with
- | `Lam(s, `Lam(z, `Var z')) when z' = z -> 0
- | `Lam(s, `Var s') when equal_var s s' -> 1
- | `Lam(s, `Lam(z, `App (`Var s', t))) when s' = s -> 1 + to_int (`Lam(s, `Lam(z, t)))
- | _ -> failwith (normal_string_of_lambda expr ^ " is not a church numeral")
-
- let int_of_lambda ?(eta=false) (expr : lambda_t) =
- to_int (normal ~eta expr)
-
-end
-
-type lambda_t = Private.lambda_t
-open Private
-let var = var
-let pp, pn, pi = string_of_lambda, normal_string_of_lambda, int_of_lambda
-let pnv, piv= (fun expr -> string_of_lambda (cbv expr)), (fun expr -> to_int (cbv expr))
-let debruijn, dbruijn_equal, debruijn_contains = debruijn, dbruijn_equal, debruijn_contains
-
-let alpha_eq x y = dbruijn_equal (debruijn x) (debruijn y)
-