cat theory tweaks

[lambda.git] / advanced_topics / monads_in_category_theory.mdwn

diff --git a/advanced_topics/monads_in_category_theory.mdwn b/advanced_topics/monads_in_category_theory.mdwn
index 1590619..29b6feb 100644 (file)
--- a/advanced_topics/monads_in_category_theory.mdwn
+++ b/advanced_topics/monads_in_category_theory.mdwn
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ A **monoid** is a structure <code>(S,&#8902;,z)</code> consisting of an associat
 
 <pre>
        for all s1, s2, s3 in S:
 
 <pre>
        for all s1, s2, s3 in S:

-       (i) s1&#8902;s2 etc are also in S
-       (ii) (s1&#8902;s2)&#8902;s3 = s1&#8902;(s2&#8902;s3)
+         (i) s1&#8902;s2 etc are also in S
+        (ii) (s1&#8902;s2)&#8902;s3 = s1&#8902;(s2&#8902;s3)

        (iii) z&#8902;s1 = s1 = s1&#8902;z
 </pre>
 
        (iii) z&#8902;s1 = s1 = s1&#8902;z
 </pre>
 


@@ -45,15 +45,15 @@ When a morphism `f` in category <b>C</b> has source `C1` and target `C2`, we'll
 To have a category, the elements and morphisms have to satisfy some constraints:
 
 <pre>
 To have a category, the elements and morphisms have to satisfy some constraints:
 
 <pre>

-       (i)   the class of morphisms has to be closed under composition:
+         (i) the class of morphisms has to be closed under composition:

              where f:C1&rarr;C2 and g:C2&rarr;C3, g &#8728; f is also a
              morphism of the category, which maps C1&rarr;C3.
 
              where f:C1&rarr;C2 and g:C2&rarr;C3, g &#8728; f is also a
              morphism of the category, which maps C1&rarr;C3.
 

-       (ii)  composition of morphisms has to be associative
+        (ii) composition of morphisms has to be associative

 
        (iii) every element E of the category has to have an identity
 
        (iii) every element E of the category has to have an identity

-             morphism 1<sub>E</sub>, which is such that for every morphism
-             f:C1&rarr;C2: 1<sub>C2</sub> &#8728; f = f = f &#8728; 1<sub>C1</sub>
+             morphism 1<sub>E</sub>, which is such that for every morphism f:C1&rarr;C2:
+             1<sub>C2</sub> &#8728; f = f = f &#8728; 1<sub>C1</sub>

 </pre>
 
 These parallel the constraints for monoids. Note that there can be multiple distinct morphisms between an element `E` and itself; they need not all be identity morphisms. Indeed from (iii) it follows that each element can have only a single identity morphism.
 </pre>
 
 These parallel the constraints for monoids. Note that there can be multiple distinct morphisms between an element `E` and itself; they need not all be identity morphisms. Indeed from (iii) it follows that each element can have only a single identity morphism.


@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ A good intuitive picture of a category is as a generalized directed graph, where
 
 Some examples of categories are:
 
 
 Some examples of categories are:
 

-*      Categories whose elements are sets and whose morphisms are functions between those sets. Here the source and target of a function are its domain and range, so distinct functions sharing a domain and range (e.g., sin and cos) are distinct morphisms between the same source and target elements. The identity morphism for any element/set is just the identity function for that set.
+*      Categories whose elements are sets and whose morphisms are functions between those sets. Here the source and target of a function are its domain and range, so distinct functions sharing a domain and range (e.g., `sin` and `cos`) are distinct morphisms between the same source and target elements. The identity morphism for any element/set is just the identity function for that set.

 
 *      any monoid <code>(S,&#8902;,z)</code> generates a category with a single element `x`; this `x` need not have any relation to `S`. The members of `S` play the role of *morphisms* of this category, rather than its elements. All of these morphisms are understood to map `x` to itself. The result of composing the morphism consisting of `s1` with the morphism `s2` is the morphism `s3`, where <code>s3=s1&#8902;s2</code>. The identity morphism for the (single) category element `x` is the monoid's identity `z`.
 
 
 *      any monoid <code>(S,&#8902;,z)</code> generates a category with a single element `x`; this `x` need not have any relation to `S`. The members of `S` play the role of *morphisms* of this category, rather than its elements. All of these morphisms are understood to map `x` to itself. The result of composing the morphism consisting of `s1` with the morphism `s2` is the morphism `s3`, where <code>s3=s1&#8902;s2</code>. The identity morphism for the (single) category element `x` is the monoid's identity `z`.
 

-*      a **preorder** is a structure `(S, &le;)` consisting of a reflexive, transitive, binary relation on a set `S`. It need not be connected (that is, there may be members `x`,`y` of `S` such that neither `x&le;y` nor `y&le;x`). It need not be anti-symmetric (that is, there may be members `s1`,`s2` of `S` such that `s1&le;s2` and `s2&le;s1` but `s1` and `s2` are not identical). Some examples:
+*      a **preorder** is a structure <code>(S, &le;)</code> consisting of a reflexive, transitive, binary relation on a set `S`. It need not be connected (that is, there may be members `x`,`y` of `S` such that neither <code>x&le;y</code> nor <code>y&le;x</code>). It need not be anti-symmetric (that is, there may be members `s1`,`s2` of `S` such that <code>s1&le;s2</code> and <code>s2&le;s1</code> but `s1` and `s2` are not identical). Some examples:

 
        *       sentences ordered by logical implication ("p and p" implies and is implied by "p", but these sentences are not identical; so this illustrates a pre-order without anti-symmetry)
        *       sets ordered by size (this illustrates it too)
 
        *       sentences ordered by logical implication ("p and p" implies and is implied by "p", but these sentences are not identical; so this illustrates a pre-order without anti-symmetry)
        *       sets ordered by size (this illustrates it too)


@@ -80,10 +80,16 @@ Functors
 A **functor** is a "homomorphism", that is, a structure-preserving mapping, between categories. In particular, a functor `F` from category <b>C</b> to category <b>D</b> must:
 
 <pre>
 A **functor** is a "homomorphism", that is, a structure-preserving mapping, between categories. In particular, a functor `F` from category <b>C</b> to category <b>D</b> must:
 
 <pre>

-       (i) associate with every element C1 of <b>C</b> an element F(C1) of <b>D</b>
-       (ii) associate with every morphism f:C1&rarr;C2 of <b>C</b> a morphism F(f):F(C1)&rarr;F(C2) of <b>D</b>
-       (iii) "preserve identity", that is, for every element C1 of <b>C</b>: F of C1's identity morphism in <b>C</b> must be the identity morphism of F(C1) in <b>D</b>: F(1<sub>C1</sub>) = 1<sub>F(C1)</sub>.
-       (iv) "distribute over composition", that is for any morphisms f and g in <b>C</b>: F(g &#8728; f) = F(g) &#8728; F(f)
+         (i) associate with every element C1 of <b>C</b> an element F(C1) of <b>D</b>
+
+        (ii) associate with every morphism f:C1&rarr;C2 of <b>C</b> a morphism F(f):F(C1)&rarr;F(C2) of <b>D</b>
+
+       (iii) "preserve identity", that is, for every element C1 of <b>C</b>:
+             F of C1's identity morphism in <b>C</b> must be the identity morphism of F(C1) in <b>D</b>:
+             F(1<sub>C1</sub>) = 1<sub>F(C1)</sub>.
+
+        (iv) "distribute over composition", that is for any morphisms f and g in <b>C</b>:
+             F(g &#8728; f) = F(g) &#8728; F(f)

 </pre>
 
 A functor that maps a category to itself is called an **endofunctor**. The (endo)functor that maps every element and morphism of <b>C</b> to itself is denoted `1C`.
 </pre>
 
 A functor that maps a category to itself is called an **endofunctor**. The (endo)functor that maps every element and morphism of <b>C</b> to itself is denoted `1C`.


@@ -98,60 +104,77 @@ Natural Transformation
 ----------------------
 So categories include elements and morphisms. Functors consist of mappings from the elements and morphisms of one category to those of another (or the same) category. **Natural transformations** are a third level of mappings, from one functor to another.
 
 ----------------------
 So categories include elements and morphisms. Functors consist of mappings from the elements and morphisms of one category to those of another (or the same) category. **Natural transformations** are a third level of mappings, from one functor to another.
 

-Where `G` and `H` are functors from category <b>C</b> to category <b>D</b>, a natural transformation &eta; between `G` and `H` is a family of morphisms &eta;[C1]:G(C1)&rarr;H(C1)` in <b>D</b> for each element `C1` of <b>C</b>. That is, &eta;[C1]` has as source `C1`'s image under `G` in <b>D</b>, and as target `C1`'s image under `H` in <b>D</b>. The morphisms in this family must also satisfy the constraint:
+Where `G` and `H` are functors from category <b>C</b> to category <b>D</b>, a natural transformation &eta; between `G` and `H` is a family of morphisms <code>&eta;[C1]:G(C1)&rarr;H(C1)</code> in <b>D</b> for each element `C1` of <b>C</b>. That is, <code>&eta;[C1]</code> has as source `C1`'s image under `G` in <b>D</b>, and as target `C1`'s image under `H` in <b>D</b>. The morphisms in this family must also satisfy the constraint:

 
 

-       for every morphism f:C1&rarr;C2 in <b>C</b>: &eta;[C2] &#8728; G(f) = H(f) &#8728; &eta;[C1]
+<pre>
+       for every morphism f:C1&rarr;C2 in <b>C</b>:
+       &eta;[C2] &#8728; G(f) = H(f) &#8728; &eta;[C1]
+</pre>

 
 

-That is, the morphism via `G(f)` from `G(C1)` to `G(C2)`, and then via &eta;[C2]` to `H(C2)`, is identical to the morphism from `G(C1)` via &eta;[C1]` to `H(C1)`, and then via `H(f)` from `H(C1)` to `H(C2)`.
+That is, the morphism via `G(f)` from `G(C1)` to `G(C2)`, and then via <code>&eta;[C2]</code> to `H(C2)`, is identical to the morphism from `G(C1)` via <code>&eta;[C1]</code> to `H(C1)`, and then via `H(f)` from `H(C1)` to `H(C2)`.

 
 
 How natural transformations compose:
 
 Consider four categories <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, <b>D</b>, and <b>E</b>. Let `F` be a functor from <b>B</b> to <b>C</b>; `G`, `H`, and `J` be functors from <b>C</b> to <b>D</b>; and `K` and `L` be functors from <b>D</b> to <b>E</b>. Let &eta; be a natural transformation from `G` to `H`; &phi; be a natural transformation from `H` to `J`; and &psi; be a natural transformation from `K` to `L`. Pictorally:
 
 
 
 How natural transformations compose:
 
 Consider four categories <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, <b>D</b>, and <b>E</b>. Let `F` be a functor from <b>B</b> to <b>C</b>; `G`, `H`, and `J` be functors from <b>C</b> to <b>D</b>; and `K` and `L` be functors from <b>D</b> to <b>E</b>. Let &eta; be a natural transformation from `G` to `H`; &phi; be a natural transformation from `H` to `J`; and &psi; be a natural transformation from `K` to `L`. Pictorally:
 

+<pre>

        - <b>B</b> -+ +--- <b>C</b> --+ +---- <b>D</b> -----+ +-- <b>E</b> --
                 | |        | |            | |
        - <b>B</b> -+ +--- <b>C</b> --+ +---- <b>D</b> -----+ +-- <b>E</b> --
                 | |        | |            | |

-        F: -----&rarr; G: -----&rarr;     K: -----&rarr;
-                | |        | |  | &eta;     | |  | &psi;
+        F: ------> G: ------>     K: ------>
+                | |        | |  | &eta;       | |  | &psi;

                 | |        | |  v         | |  v
                 | |        | |  v         | |  v

-                | |    H: -----&rarr;     L: -----&rarr;
-                | |        | |  | &phi;     | |
+                | |    H: ------>     L: ------>
+                | |        | |  | &phi;       | |

                 | |        | |  v         | |
                 | |        | |  v         | |

-                | |    J: -----&rarr;         | |
+                | |    J: ------>         | |

        -----+ +--------+ +------------+ +-------
        -----+ +--------+ +------------+ +-------

+</pre>

 
 

-Then `(&eta; F)` is a natural transformation from the (composite) functor `GF` to the composite functor `HF`, such that where `b1` is an element of category <b>B</b>, `(&eta; F)[b1] = &eta;[F(b1)]`---that is, the morphism in <b>D</b> that &eta; assigns to the element `F(b1)` of <b>C</b>.
+Then <code>(&eta; F)</code> is a natural transformation from the (composite) functor `GF` to the composite functor `HF`, such that where `B1` is an element of category <b>B</b>, <code>(&eta; F)[B1] = &eta;[F(B1)]</code>---that is, the morphism in <b>D</b> that <code>&eta;</code> assigns to the element `F(B1)` of <b>C</b>.

 
 

-And `(K &eta;)` is a natural transformation from the (composite) functor `KG` to the (composite) functor `KH`, such that where `C1` is an element of category <b>C</b>, `(K &eta;)[C1] = K(&eta;[C1])`---that is, the morphism in <b>E</b> that `K` assigns to the morphism &eta;[C1]` of <b>D</b>.
+And <code>(K &eta;)</code> is a natural transformation from the (composite) functor `KG` to the (composite) functor `KH`, such that where `C1` is an element of category <b>C</b>, <code>(K &eta;)[C1] = K(&eta;[C1])</code>---that is, the morphism in <b>E</b> that `K` assigns to the morphism <code>&eta;[C1]</code> of <b>D</b>.

 
 
 
 

-`(&phi; -v- &eta;)` is a natural transformation from `G` to `J`; this is known as a "vertical composition". We will rely later on this, where `f:C1&rarr;C2`:
+<code>(&phi; -v- &eta;)</code> is a natural transformation from `G` to `J`; this is known as a "vertical composition". We will rely later on this, where <code>f:C1&rarr;C2</code>:

 
 

+<pre>

        &phi;[C2] &#8728; H(f) &#8728; &eta;[C1] = &phi;[C2] &#8728; H(f) &#8728; &eta;[C1]
        &phi;[C2] &#8728; H(f) &#8728; &eta;[C1] = &phi;[C2] &#8728; H(f) &#8728; &eta;[C1]

+</pre>

 
 

-by naturalness of &phi;, is:
+by naturalness of <code>&phi;</code>, is:

 
 

+<pre>

        &phi;[C2] &#8728; H(f) &#8728; &eta;[C1] = J(f) &#8728; &phi;[C1] &#8728; &eta;[C1]
        &phi;[C2] &#8728; H(f) &#8728; &eta;[C1] = J(f) &#8728; &phi;[C1] &#8728; &eta;[C1]

+</pre>

 
 

-by naturalness of &eta;, is:
+by naturalness of <code>&eta;</code>, is:

 
 

+<pre>

        &phi;[C2] &#8728; &eta;[C2] &#8728; G(f) = J(f) &#8728; &phi;[C1] &#8728; &eta;[C1]
        &phi;[C2] &#8728; &eta;[C2] &#8728; G(f) = J(f) &#8728; &phi;[C1] &#8728; &eta;[C1]

+</pre>

 
 

-Hence, we can define `(&phi; -v- &eta;)[x]` as: &phi;[x] &#8728; &eta;[x]` and rely on it to satisfy the constraints for a natural transformation from `G` to `J`:
+Hence, we can define <code>(&phi; -v- &eta;)[\_]</code> as: <code>&phi;[\_] &#8728; &eta;[\_]</code> and rely on it to satisfy the constraints for a natural transformation from `G` to `J`:

 
 

+<pre>

        (&phi; -v- &eta;)[C2] &#8728; G(f) = J(f) &#8728; (&phi; -v- &eta;)[C1]
        (&phi; -v- &eta;)[C2] &#8728; G(f) = J(f) &#8728; (&phi; -v- &eta;)[C1]

+</pre>

 
 An observation we'll rely on later: given the definitions of vertical composition and of how natural transformations compose with functors, it follows that:
 
 
 An observation we'll rely on later: given the definitions of vertical composition and of how natural transformations compose with functors, it follows that:
 

+<pre>

        ((&phi; -v- &eta;) F) = ((&phi; F) -v- (&eta; F))
        ((&phi; -v- &eta;) F) = ((&phi; F) -v- (&eta; F))

+</pre>

 
 I'll assert without proving that vertical composition is associative and has an identity, which we'll call "the identity transformation."
 
 
 
 I'll assert without proving that vertical composition is associative and has an identity, which we'll call "the identity transformation."
 
 

-`(&psi; -h- &eta;)` is natural transformation from the (composite) functor `KG` to the (composite) functor `LH`; this is known as a "horizontal composition." It's trickier to define, but we won't be using it here. For reference:
+<code>(&psi; -h- &eta;)</code> is natural transformation from the (composite) functor `KG` to the (composite) functor `LH`; this is known as a "horizontal composition." It's trickier to define, but we won't be using it here. For reference:

 
 

+<pre>

        (&phi; -h- &eta;)[C1]  =  L(&eta;[C1]) &#8728; &psi;[G(C1)]
        (&phi; -h- &eta;)[C1]  =  L(&eta;[C1]) &#8728; &psi;[G(C1)]

-                                          =  &psi;[H(C1)] &#8728; K(&eta;[C1])
+                                 =  &psi;[H(C1)] &#8728; K(&eta;[C1])
+</pre>

 
 Horizontal composition is also associative, and has the same identity as vertical composition.
 
 
 Horizontal composition is also associative, and has the same identity as vertical composition.