* In def 3.1 on p. 14, GS&V define `s` updated with \[[not φ]] as: > { i ∈ s | i does not subsist in s[φ] } where `i` *subsists* in s[φ] if there are any `i'` that *extend* `i` in s[φ]. ------ wrong.... In our framework, we just have to convert the operation >>= \[[ψ]] into another operation >>= \[[ψ]] >>= neg, where `neg` flips the truth-value of all the `bool dpm`s it operates on: type clause_op = bool dpm -> bool dpm set;; let negate_op (phi : clause_op) : clause_op = let neg : clause_op = fun one_dpm -> unit_set (fun (r, h) -> let (truth_value, r', h') = one_dpm (r, h) in (not truth_value, r', h')) in fun one_dpm -> bind_set (phi one_dpm) neg;; let negate_op (phi : clause_op) : clause_op = fun one_dpm -> if blah then unit_set one_dpm else empty_set ------ * Representing \[[and φ ψ]] is simple: let and_op (phi : clause_op) (psi : clause_op) : clause_op = fun one_dpm -> bind_set (phi one_dpm) psi;; * We define the other connectives in terms of `not` and `and`: let or_op (phi : clause_op) (psi : clause_op) = negate_op (and_op (negate_op phi) (negate_op psi)) let if_op (phi : clause_op) (psi : clause_op) = negate_op (and_op phi (negate_op psi));; * Now let's test everything we've developed: type entity = Bob | Carol | Ted | Alice;; let domain = [Bob; Carol; Ted; Alice];; type assignment = char -> int;; type store = entity list;; type 'a dpm = assignment * store -> 'a * assignment * store;; let unit_dpm (x : 'a) : 'a dpm = fun (r, h) -> (x, r, h);; let bind_dpm (u: 'a dpm) (f : 'a -> 'b dpm) : 'b dpm = fun (r, h) -> let (a, r', h') = u (r, h) in let u' = f a in u' (r', h') type 'a set = 'a list;; let empty_set : 'a set = [];; let unit_set (x : 'a) : 'a set = [x];; let bind_set (u : 'a set) (f : 'a -> 'b set) : 'b set = List.concat (List.map f u);; type clause_op = bool dpm -> bool dpm set;; let get (var : char) : entity dpm = fun (r, h) -> let obj = List.nth h (r var) in (obj, r, h);; let lift_predicate (f : entity -> bool) : entity dpm -> clause_op = fun entity_dpm -> let eliminator = fun (truth_value : bool) -> if truth_value = false then unit_dpm false else bind_dpm entity_dpm (fun e -> unit_dpm (f e)) in fun one_dpm -> unit_set (bind_dpm one_dpm eliminator);; let lift_predicate2 (f : entity -> entity -> bool) : entity dpm -> entity dpm -> clause_op = fun entity1_dpm entity2_dpm -> let eliminator = fun (truth_value : bool) -> if truth_value = false then unit_dpm false else bind_dpm entity1_dpm (fun e1 -> bind_dpm entity2_dpm (fun e2 -> unit_dpm (f e1 e2))) in fun one_dpm -> unit_set (bind_dpm one_dpm eliminator);; let new_peg_and_assign (var_to_bind : char) (d : entity) : bool -> bool dpm = fun truth_value -> fun (r, h) -> let new_index = List.length h in let h' = List.append h [d] in let r' = fun var -> if var = var_to_bind then new_index else r var in (truth_value, r', h') let exists var : clause_op = fun one_dpm -> List.map (fun d -> bind_dpm one_dpm (new_peg_and_assign var d)) domain (* negate_op, and_op, or_op, and if_op as above *) let (>>=) = bind_set;; let initial_set = [fun (r,h) -> (true,r,h)];; let initial_r = fun var -> failwith ("no value for " ^ (Char.escaped var));; let run dpm_set = let bool_set = List.map (fun one_dpm -> let (value, r, h) = one_dpm (initial_r, []) in value) dpm_set in List.exists (fun truth_value -> truth_value) bool_set;; let male obj = obj = Bob || obj = Ted;; let wife_of x y = (x,y) = (Bob, Carol) || (x,y) = (Ted, Alice);; let kisses x y = (x,y) = (Bob, Carol) || (x,y) = (Ted, Alice);; let misses x y = (x,y) = (Bob, Carol) || (x,y) = (Ted, Carol);; let getx = get 'x';; let gety = get 'y';; (* "a man x has a wife y" *) let antecedent = fun one_dpm -> exists 'x' one_dpm >>= lift_predicate male getx >>= exists 'y' >>= lift_predicate2 wife_of getx gety;; (* "if a man x has a wife y, x kisses y" *) run (initial_set >>= if_op antecedent lift_predicate2 kisses getx gety);; (* Bob has wife Carol, and kisses her; and Ted has wife Alice and kisses her; so this is true! *) (* "if a man x has a wife y, x misses y" *) run (initial_set >>= if_op antecedent lift_predicate2 misses getx gety);; (* Bob has wife Carol, and misses her; but Ted misses only Carol, not his wife Alice; so this is false! *)