Assignment 3 ------------ Once again, the lambda evaluator will make working through this assignment much faster and more secure. #Writing recursive functions on version 1 style lists# Recall that version 1 style lists are constructed like this (see [[lists and numbers]]):
; booleans
let true = \x y. x in
let false = \x y. y in
let and = \l r. l (r true false) false in

; version 1 lists
let makePair = \f s g. g f s in
let fst = true in
let snd = false in
let nil = makePair true meh in
let isNil = \x. x fst in
let makeList = \h t. makePair false (makePair h t) in
let head = \l. isNil l err (l snd fst) in
let tail = \l. isNil l err (l snd snd) in

; a list of numbers to experiment on
let mylist = makeList 1 (makeList 2 (makeList 3 nil)) in

; a fixed-point combinator for defining recursive functions 
let Y = \f. (\h. f (h h)) (\h. f (h h)) in

; church numerals
let isZero = \n. n (\x. false) true in
let succ = \n s z. s (n s z) in
let mult = \m n s. m (n s) in
let length = Y (\length l. isNil l 0 (succ (length (tail l)))) in
let pred = \n. isZero n 0 (length (tail (n (\p. makeList meh p) nil)))
in
let leq = \m n. isZero(n pred m) in
let eq = \m n. and (leq m n)(leq n m) in

eq 2 2 yes no
Then `length mylist` evaluates to 3. 1. What does `head (tail (tail mylist))` evaluate to? 2. Using the `length` function as a model, and using the predecessor function, write a function that computes factorials. (Recall that n!, the factorial of n, is n times the factorial of n-1.) Warning: my browser isn't able to compute factorials of numbers greater than 2 (it does't provide enough resources for the JavaScript interpreter; web pages are not supposed to be that computationally intensive). 3. (Easy) Write a function `listLenEq` that returns true just in case two lists have the same length. That is, listLenEq mylist (makeList meh (makeList meh (makeList meh nil))) ~~> true listLenEq mylist (makeList meh (makeList meh nil))) ~~> false 4. (Still easy) Now write the same function, but don't use the length function. 5. In assignment 2, we discovered that version 3-type lists (the ones that work like Church numerals) made it much easier to define operations like `map` and `filter`. But now that we have recursion in our toolbox, reasonable map and filter functions for version 1 lists are within our reach. Give definitions for `map` and a `filter` for verson 1 type lists. #Computing with trees# Linguists analyze natural language expressions into trees. We'll need trees in future weeks, and tree structures provide good opportunities for learning how to write recursive functions. Making use of the resources we have at the moment, we can approximate trees as follows: instead of words, we'll use Church numerals. Then a tree will be a (version 1 type) list in which each element is itself a tree. For simplicity, we'll adopt the convention that a tree of length 1 must contain a number as its only element. Then we have the following representations:
   (a)           (b)             (c)  
    .
   /|\            /\              /\
  / | \          /\ 3            1 /\
  1 2  3        1  2               2 3

[[1];[2];[3]]  [[[1];[2]];[3]]   [[1];[[2];[3]]]
Limitations of this scheme include the following: there is no easy way to label a constituent with a syntactic category (S or NP or VP, etc.), and there is no way to represent a tree in which a mother has a single daughter. When processing a tree, you can test for whether the tree contains only a numeral (in which case the tree is leaf node) by testing for whether the length of the list is less than or equal to 1. This will be your base case for your recursive functions that operate on these trees. 1. Write a function that sums the number of leaves in a tree. Expected behavior:
let t1 = (makeList 1 nil) in
let t2 = (makeList 2 nil) in
let t3 = (makeList 3 nil) in
let t12 = (makeList t1 (makeList t2 nil)) in
let t23 = (makeList t2 (makeList t3 nil)) in
let ta = (makeList t1 t23) in
let tb = (makeList t12 t3) in
let tc = (makeList t1 (makeList t23 nil)) in

sum-leaves t1 ~~> 1
sum-leaves t2 ~~> 2
sum-leaves t3 ~~> 3
sum-leaves t12 ~~> 3
sum-leaves t23 ~~> 5
sum-leaves ta ~~> 6
sum-leaves tb ~~> 6
sum-leaves tc ~~> 6
2. Write a function that counts the number of leaves.