X-Git-Url: http://lambda.jimpryor.net/git/gitweb.cgi?a=blobdiff_plain;f=curry-howard.mdwn;h=183b54ebb463fb1cae33283053dc6703c15860dc;hb=HEAD;hp=f3c1be7590eb348711cee3bd4d25e993f1272749;hpb=ac6c32595e75ae0d3aa0631be7df6ca758626d56;p=lambda.git diff --git a/curry-howard.mdwn b/curry-howard.mdwn deleted file mode 100644 index f3c1be75..00000000 --- a/curry-howard.mdwn +++ /dev/null @@ -1,166 +0,0 @@ -Curry-Howard, take 1 --------------------- - -We will return to the Curry-Howard correspondence a number of times -during this course. It expresses a deep connection between logic, -types, and computation. Today we'll discuss how the simply-typed -lambda calculus corresponds to intuitionistic logic. This naturally -give rise to the question of what sort of computation classical logic -corresponds to---as we'll see later, the answer involves continuations. - -So at this point we have the simply-typed lambda calculus: a set of -ground types, a set of functional types, and some typing rules, given -roughly as follows: - -If a variable `x` has type σ and term `M` has type τ, then -the abstract `\xM` has type σ `-->` τ. - -If a term `M` has type σ `-->` τ, and a term `N` has type -σ, then the application `MN` has type τ. - -These rules are clearly obverses of one another: the functional types -that abstract builds up are taken apart by application. - -The next step in making sense out of the Curry-Howard corresponence is -to present a logic. It will be a part of intuitionistic logic. We'll -start with the implicational fragment (that is, the part of -intuitionistic logic that only involves axioms and implications): - -
-Axiom: --------- - A |- A - -Structural Rules: - - Γ, A, B, Δ |- C -Exchange: --------------------------- - Γ, B, A, Δ |- C - - Γ, A, A |- B -Contraction: ------------------- - Γ, A |- B - - Γ |- B -Weakening: ----------------- - Γ, A |- B - -Logical Rules: - - Γ, A |- B ---> I: ------------------- - Γ |- A --> B - - Γ |- A --> B Γ |- A ---> E: ----------------------------------- - Γ |- B -- -`A`, `B`, etc. are variables over formulas. -Γ, Δ, etc. are variables over (possibly empty) sequences -of formulas. Γ `|- A` is a sequent, and is interpreted as -claiming that if each of the formulas in Γ is true, then `A` -must also be true. - -This logic allows derivations of theorems like the following: - -
-------- Id -A |- A ----------- Weak -A, B |- A -------------- --> I -A |- B --> A ------------------ --> I -|- A --> B --> A -- -Should remind you of simple types. (What was `A --> B --> A` the type -of again?) - -The easy way to grasp the Curry-Howard correspondence is to *label* -the proofs. Since we wish to establish a correspondence between this -logic and the lambda calculus, the labels will all be terms from the -simply-typed lambda calculus. Here are the labeling rules: - -
-Axiom: ----------- - x:A |- x:A - -Structural Rules: - - Γ, x:A, y:B, Δ |- R:C -Exchange: ------------------------------- - Γ, y:B, x:A, Δ |- R:C - - Γ, x:A, x:A |- R:B -Contraction: -------------------------- - Γ, x:A |- R:B - - Γ |- R:B -Weakening: --------------------- - Γ, x:A |- R:B [x chosen fresh] - -Logical Rules: - - Γ, x:A |- R:B ---> I: ------------------------- - Γ |- \xM:A --> B - - Γ |- f:(A --> B) Γ |- x:A ---> E: ------------------------------------- - Γ |- (fx):B -- -In these labeling rules, if a sequence Γ in a premise contains -labeled formulas, those labels remain unchanged in the conclusion. - -What is means for a variable `x` to be chosen *fresh* is that -`x` must be distinct from any other variable in any of the labels -used in the proof. - -Using these labeling rules, we can label the proof -just given: - -
------------- Id -x:A |- x:A ----------------- Weak -x:A, y:B |- x:A -------------------------- --> I -x:A |- (\y.x):(B --> A) ----------------------------- --> I -|- (\x y. x):A --> B --> A -- -We have derived the *K* combinator, and typed it at the same time! - -Need a proof that involves application, and a proof with cut that will -show beta reduction, so "normal" proof. - -[To do: add pairs and destructors; unit and negation...] - -Excercise: construct a proof whose labeling is the combinator S, -something like this: - - --------- Ax --------- Ax ------- Ax - !a --> !a !b --> !b c --> c - ----------------------- L-> -------- L! - !a,!a->!b --> !b !c --> c ---------- Ax ---------------------------------- L-> -!a --> !a !a,!b->!c,!a->!b --> c ------------------------------------------- L-> - !a,!a,!a->!b->!c,!a->!b --> c - ----------------------------- C! - !a,!a->!b->!c,!a->!b --> c - ------------------------------ L! - !a,!a->!b->!c,! (!a->!b) --> c - ---------------------------------- L! - !a,! (!a->!b->!c),! (!a->!b) --> c - ----------------------------------- R! - !a,! (!a->!b->!c),! (!a->!b) --> !c - ------------------------------------ R-> - ! (!a->!b->!c),! (!a->!b) --> !a->!c - ------------------------------------- R-> - ! (!a->!b) --> ! (!a->!b->!c)->!a->!c - --------------------------------------- R-> - --> ! (!a->!b)->! (!a->!b->!c)->!a->!c